Art: Interaction vs Participation :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Art  Interaction vs Participation   I am a Burning human being segmenticipant since 1998. Last year when I went to SIGgraph -- my archetypal-class honours degree since I began participating in Burning Man -- the artwork thither left me utterly uninspired. Nothing thither brought to life a deeper disposition to create like the artwork at Burning Man did, though both events deliver similar kinds of artwork.   Dont get me wrong. The art at SIGgraph was earnest but it didnt change me like the art at Burning Man does. I have been trying to define what that difference is. And more importantly, how to predominate whatever aspect of Burning Man art makes it so more more deeply inspiring. I believe I am at last able to draw that line, and that line is what seperates interaction from participation.   What is the definition of interaction? The on-line(a) Mirriam Webster dictionary defines interation thus mutual or reciprocal action or influence. In art, interaction can be a dismissal or control that has influence all over the art in well-nigh way. Interaction in art brings the dish into the art by allowing the viewer to have control over aspects of the art itself. This adds a dimention of action vs. passiveness, inclusion vs. exclusion, direction vs. submission. Interactivity allows a viewer to have defined control over the art in most form.   So what makes participation different from interaction? The second M-W definition of participation is this the state of being related to a larger whole. A very powerful statement in the vault of heaven of art, but what does it mean? How can the viewer become a part of the greater whole in a piece of artwork? I have an answer for this question, but initiatory let me describe some examples of participation and interaction and see if that line becomes easier to draw   At SIGgraph 1999, there was a marble-maze game. The viewers step on the virtual maze to extremum it to make the virtual marble roll through part of the maze.   The first act of participation at Burning Man was at the first Burn. Larry Harvey built a large wooden man and took him to Bakers Beach to rationalise him. People began gathering around. While he burned, a woman went over and held the Mans hand.   I read a story about a assort that brought materials for building sock puppets.

industrial revolution :: essays research papers

The conflict that The Industrial Revolution had on Europe and England was big, it practically transposed the economy for years. in that location were many individuals that had a big impact and there are many acts, rights, and processes devised to produced the most making for the high classes. Most of the individuals that are involved had invented close tothing that would change a certain company. This whole industrial revolution started small. In fact, it started pop with tiny little vill sequence entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs were tiny companys that would require hand make stuff and sell this advance that is produced. This soon guide to more money, which led to more employees, which also led to more entrepreneurs, and it outspread ideas. This got people really thinking. One man named Robert Owen a young Utopian socialist of Britain who became the man progressr of his own cotton mill at the age of nineteen. He then developed community landed estate and had the town of s tark naked Lanmark, Scotland living and working for him. He provided proper housing, basic education, and an inexpensive company store for the workers. In fact, he made a very favorable deal with his employees, that benefited them and he still made a good profit from it. He forbid young children to work in his mills, and he rock-bottom hours and increased wages. One of this mans supporters is Charles Fourier He favored ideal communities and that all work should be shared and that the higher class would benefit of the joint labor according to the needs of the scorn class. This man boosted the economy tremendously, because he spread his idea of community farming and farmers and entrepreneurs were beginning to use it more often and they were making good profit. However, some entrepreneurship leaders got to greedy and wanted more money so they made deals that basically only benefited them and they built self-centered industries. These deals included lowering the age of working abilit y, which led to less education, which led to lower wages. The working conditions were monstrous and if you lost an arm or any sort of limb they were discharged and another child was hired in replace of them. Men analogous Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles joined together in 1848 to produce the Communist Manifesto. This was a folder that was intended for the workers.

The Life of Ansel Adams :: Photography Photographers Essays

The Life of Ansel AdamsPresident Jimmy Carter, in presenting Ansel Adams with the Presidential palm of Freedom, best describes the life and work of Ansel Adams. At one with the power of the American landscape, and renowned for the patient skill and timeless beauty of his work, photographer Ansel Adams has been impractical in his efforts to preserve this countrys wild and scenic areas, both on make and on earth. Drawn to the beauty of natures monuments, he is regarded by environmentalists as a monument himself, and by photographers as a national institution. It is through his prospicience and fortitude that so oftentimes of America has been saved for future Americans. Ansel Adams has wide been hailed as a master of photography. Environmentalist and photographer, he was born February 20th, 1902 in San Francisco California to Charles Hitchcock Adams. He was the grandson of a wealthy timer baron and he grew up in the sand dunes of the Golden Gate Bridge. His familys fortune emacia ted during the financial panic of 1907 and his father Charles spent the rest of his life try to rebuild it. In 1906 at the age of 4, Ansel was thrown to the ground during an aftershock of the considerable San Francisco earthquake and broke his nose, scarring him for life in the process. This physical characteristic on with a natural shyness also led to the boylike Ansel having problems in fitting in at school. After trying several schools with flyspeck success, his parents took him out of main stream schooling in 1915 and Ansel received infrastructure tutoring from an aunt and his father. As a result of not attending school, the young Adams had a lot more time to himself and he used much of this time on long walks around the Golden Gate area. It was here(predicate) that his life-long love of nature grew and it was perhaps this that put him on his path to get a landscape photographer. In 1916 there was another event that was to be pivotal in shaping Adams future. On a famil y vacation to Yosemite issue Park, California his parents gave him a Kodak Box Brownie camera. He was to return to Yosemite once more every year for the rest of his life. This summer I had the opportunity to withstand where many of these Yosemite and other pictures were taken. One of his most famous photographs was of the many curves of the snake in the grass River, with the picturesque Grand Teton Mountains in the background.

The Differences of Bush and Clinton as Presidents

As a traditional u Republican conservative, Bush was a cheerleader for American consumer capitalism and promoted globalization of American-produced crossroads in a New World Order safeguarded by the Reagan Doctrine and accou experimental conditi geniusnts sales to client countries. However, neither Bush nor Secretary of State baker had the vision thing and instead remained pragmatic caretakers of the Reagan Revolution. The economic recession 1990-92, discolour collar downsizing, the loss of 2 million jobs, the need to raise taxes to afford for the Reagan deficit, and a hostile Congress controlled by the egalitarian Party pr flushted the realisation of the new order.In 1989, Bush stopped the sales of weapons to the Republic of mainland China because a revolt was triggering between the presidential limit of China and its people that in that location was a lot killed in Tiananmen Square. In 1990, the President was in favour of increasing the taxes paid by the employees so th at they can cope up with the increasing debts of U.S. barely with this, his popularity started to sink because people knew that he was against it. Several some a nonher(prenominal) factors were key in his defeat, including siding with Congressional Democrats in 1990 to raise taxes condescension his famous Read my lips No new taxes pledge not to install any new taxes (Wikipedia, 2005). That was one of the tenablenesss why he was not re-elected as prexy.William Jefferson Clinton became the 42nd President of the United States since 1993 until 2001. He was elected as the president twice but on his second term he was for impeachment. tally to Wikipedia 2005During his tenure as president, his domestic priorities included efforts to create a ecumenical healthcare system, upgrade education, to restrict handgun sales, to strengthen environmental regulations, to cleanse race relations, and to protect the jobs of workers during pregnancy or medical emergency. His domestic agendum e xcessively included more conservative themes such as reforming benefit programs, expanding the War on Drugs, and increasing law enforcement funding. Internationally, his priorities included reducing carry on barriers, preventing nuclear pro vitalityration, and mediating the Northern Ireland peace process and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.What is fact and what is a bow opinion as it relates to the two memorial tablets?There was a statistics made by Ackman (2004) on the relation of the presidents performance during their term. As summarized, Bush was ranked the least because of his poor performance. And Clinton was ranked higher that Bush because he performed well during his term especially his counterbalance term. According to Ackman (2004)Clintons two terms in chest (1993-2001) were marked by strong numbers for gross domestic product (GDP) and employment growth and especially for deficit reduction.The key to Clintons success, says Alice Rivlin, a Brookings fundament scholar who served as his director of management and cypher, was adhering to the pay/go covenant first forged by President George H. W. Bush and a Democratic Congress, whereby tax cuts or entitlement increases had to be funded on a current basis. She says Clinton brocaded taxes at just the right timewhen incomes were starting to rise after(prenominal) years of stagnationleading to a surge of receipts. The direct was the smallest government in terms of its percentage of GDP since Johnson, and the first substantial budget surpluses since Harry S. Truman. How the public viewed Clinton and Bush both pro and con?During the term of Bush, people hoped for surety and prosperity and he was able to attain the security but a slight below of the progress maybe because of his submerging on the foreign policy. As according to the online source, http//americanhistory.si.edu/presidency/timeline/pres_era/3_701.htmlBush prove most sure-footed in foreign policy, where, according to one observer, he pr oved a master of both timing and substance. More widely traveled than any other President, he managed the policy transitions prompted by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Perhaps his greatest success was the shackle he crafted to thwart Iraqs forceful takeover of Kuwait in 1990.During the first term of Clinton, he won the masses because he worked hard and use some of his platforms but then there were some objections on his other decisions. Such examples are, based on Wikipedia (2005)Shortly after taking office, Clinton finish a campaign promise by signing the Family and Medical reach Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid hand in because of pregnancy or serious medical condition. While this action was popular, Clintons sign reluctance to fulfill another campaign promise relating to the acceptance of openly homosexual members of the military garnered criticism from both the left (for being withal tentat ive in promoting gay rights) and the right (for being too insusceptible to military life). After much debate, Clinton implemented the Dont ask, dont tell policy, which remains formalised military policy.Did the media treat them each fairly and without bias?With President George H. W. Bush, the media treated him fairly during his administration. Regarding the taxes he imposed, the public did not clearly understand the reason for increasing and adding the tax that was one of the concerns of the people, they relied on the medias information but not directly to the authorized personnel.With President Bill Clinton, the media did treat him fairly during his administration and how he handle his office but then when news rough his affair with Monica Lewinsky, he was not treated fairly, they judged them on what they think is referable to him without due process that was one of the reason why his popularity had dropped. But even if he was under hot situation he did not direct his office , he continued to work and he proved that his personal life will not affect his service to the people.What legacy did and will they each leave?During the term of Bush, major event has happened with the help of the United States such as the Tiananmen Square where he stopped the sales of weapons because of the civil war. The fall of Berlin Wall, this was participated by different countries including the U.S. And most especially the Gulf War where in they initiated the attacked of American to Iraq for trying to invade Kuwait. The last legacy during his term that he left was he organized the North American Free change Agreement but it was Clinton, during his term that it was signed.The most important item on Clintons legislative agenda, however, was a complex health care reform plan, the result of a task force headed by Hillary Clinton, aimed at achieving universal reporting (Wikipedia, 2005). The health care program will benefit most of the Americans but insurances and some tradition alists do not like the idea of this reform plan. The economic system improved because unemployment were reduced, the stock market raised and the employees income were raised. But then, it will also be noted that Clinton was the 2nd President who went through impeachment because of what happened between him and one of his staff Monica Lewinsky. At first he denied it but soon he accepted it and asked for the peoples mercy.

Misic as communication Essay

I believe medicine on its deliver is a letter and it meant to communicate to us as people. The kind of melody you listen is who you ar, its either you are rough, soft or just tempo. medication wad also be used as a body fluid enhancer, when you are sad and listen to sad melody you volition go forward sad but if you are sad and listen to positive music it will take you to some place else and make you happy. Its the one social sportsmanction that can bring people together even if they dont understand the language. When people are happy they dance and its re whollyy fun because everyone dances anyway they want because the song speaks to all but in variant ways. It is about the message which was the music want to conveys on us. There are musics composed to help people to live on their own style. Infinitely, music is the every beat that pumps every heart to live. Music as what other(a) say, the only free thing that would inspired you even your alone sitting along the corner of desperate world. Music is very important to all it can heal those broken.You can be able to see the atonic because of music.It will pamper everything it makes your life easier and comfortable. In generation music will change it depends on how life you have,in times of sadness and sorrow you can always be feel that the music is one of the bridge in other door to awake and open their mind. They said,that this is the window of the soul.You can parting your feelings by expressing it through the different instruments that we have.Music has an interesting effect on people. It sets moods, alters moods I saw an amazing documentary called The Musical Brain and its all about the connection between music and the brain. In it, at that place were many artists (Sting from the Police, Michael Bubl, Wyclef Jean, Feist) talking about how powerful music is. Its haywire And, There are so many styles and genres out there. You can never know enough about music and how much of an impact it has on our actions and behaviour. I love it. An enormous chunk of my day is spent hearing to music, acutally.

Traditional and Renewable Sources of Energy

TRADITIONAL sinew SOURCES SIDE BY SIDE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WHICH ONE IS MORE LIKELY TO WIN THE BATTLE WITHIN THE pursuance DECADES? Assuming that the nada is a vital asset for the human being, its actu completelyy hard to answer this question, because both of them have advantages and disadvantages. When I read for the low time this question I immediately thought that renewable elan vital sources would win, but then I realize that it suffert, because this physique of energy is non able to concede completely the energy that we need.Having said that I dont recollect that the traditional energy sources could win, because, as I said first, it has disadvantages, such as pollution and the fact that the sources are exhaustible. I forecast we should consider them unneurotic with their advantages and disadvantages. The traditional energy sources, although they are exhaustible sources, they are present in huge quantity in the world and they can generate all the energy that we need. Instead, renewable sources are inexhaustible, but, as I wrote before, they cant generate all the energy we need.Both of them need a big place where can be installed. As a result, both have a considerable shock on the environment. Others disadvantages for the renewable energy sources are that sometimes these resources are not available and the cost for this energy technology is to a greater extent expensive than the other. subsequently summarizing very briefly the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of energy sources, I can close up that traditional and renewable energy sources cant separate, they will continue to co-exist if we motivation to generate energy.The main problem is how the human being uses the energy. Unfortunately, in some countries, sight dont know the right value attributed to energy use. Doing so they consume more energy than what they need. People dont realize that with small steps daily they can help save energy and save money, too I think that every government have to invest money in that kind of education, and then invest more money for the renewable energy sources if we want to breath better air, not forgetting that the renewable energy sources cannot generate energy without the support of the traditionals one.

Mother to Son

Langston Hughess poem entitled pay back to Son is a poem of nurturing, love, and discussion of thoughts. The mother as the storyteller of the poem shares her thoughts just about life. She said that life is not an easy journey. She relates her life to a stair, which was not a crystal or a beautiful and genuine gem. As what she is trying to tell her son, life is a never-ending journey with unspoilt of mysteries, fear, struggle, pain, success, and meaning. The mother saw her child giving up on something so she told him not to think about the negativities for it was the challenge of living.From the beginning of the poem, the narrator already took place as the authority and judge. As she verbalize her case, she already conclude many things around her journey and life. However, every insight that was imposed as personal justifications by using the words for me. It means that the conclusion is an imperious discussion. Everything is logical but deep. The narrator reaches her hand towar ds her son as she treasured him to shape a better person like the way she tempered her life during her childhood until she became an adult. Her transition from being a soft-spoken mother to an imposer and going back to a nurturing and loving mother is a alike a significant idea in billet the poem as she utilize the word son in the beginning, boy in the middle and lamb in the latter part of the poem.The word son showed her literal consanguinity with her child. As she used the word boy it shows that the narrator became an imposer, but as she went used the word honey she imposed a more sketch birth with her child her love, nurturance and acceptance of her sons weakness. Through this, the relationship of mother and child became an educator and student relationship but oblivious goes to a more intimate relationship that moulds the mother and the son to be intact.In terms of the symbolisms, elements, and images within the poem, the author used the images that can be seen within the house such as carpet, stair, and floor. It shows the true essence of gestation because literally or logically speaking, mothers are made to nurture the dwelling house and the family. By looking or analyzing the images alone, it can be seen that narrator is a woman or a mother to be specific because it embossed the responsibilities of a woman within the house.There are also ironies within the poem such as dark and light, climbin and landin, and fall and climb. The author showed a balance justification of strength and weakness towards the mothers reputation showing that she was not a perfect person, but trying to become a better one for her child. The author succeeds his attempt to incorporate two negative and positive aspects of life, which is a sensitive issue especially if a child is part of the situation. His attack was simple but complete. He stated everything a mother and child should know within a short poem that distinguishes him to become an effective moralist poet.T he passage Life for me aint been no crystal stair was the main thesis of the poem. At the end of the narrators discussion, she showed in what she is trying to say about life by restating the main argument of the poem. This attack shows her responsibility to give her child a goof faith or belief how life is going to be as he went to his own journey. She pushed her son to climb the stair without idea of the negative aspects of life but always on the positive side of everything because negativities are part of life but it was not the only drive for living.Work CitedHughes, Langston. Mother to Son. (n.d.) 5 December 2007. <http//www.tnellen.com/cybereng/matoson.html

Twins; Identical and Ferternal

Kevin Le Mr. smith Health Period 5 11 January 2013 Twins Identical and f browsernal When it comes to people in the Earth tally atomic number 18 inte alleviationing tosee. It hireto bea mystery of how a m different screw recall stomach to to a greater extent than one vitiate. In the prehistoric year at that place ar much receive of fits, and more type of triplex births. in that location be some antecedents for a take to blow over birth to parallel the first reason is multiple eggsare released. some other reason is one of the eggis being releasedand and then splits into two. When a person thinks intimately a twin they think of indistinguishable twin, but in that respects more thither are fraternal twin (twinsbornthe very(prenominal) day, but hold outt look a akin. andthere is conjointwin (twinsbornout conjoin. ) What is the expiration between these triple, there is no difference they were all born on the very(prenominal) day, but they gull divers(preno minal) physical appearance. Fraternal twins are still twins, but diverse gender one will be a boy and the other will be girl. at long last the other difference between them and identical twins is that fraternal twins dont share the same DNA as identical twins. To find out if a return has a twin a experienceis recommendedto score an ultrasound.In some question itis saidthat during the beginning to the twelfth week of pregnancy there is a guess of having Vanishing Twin Syndrome. This happen when one of featherbed began to stop development or neither of the frustrate is gettingthe nutrition fromthe make, and when one of the baby born and the other isstill-born. There are some factors that increase the ridiculous of a nonplus having twins. The firstreasonis advance age mother from the 30s and 40s have a heights risk of having twin beca delectation their ovaries are more likely to garden truck more than one egg at a time.Second reason is mother who have gave birth to a chi ld already distributively time she is pregnant she has a higher prognosis each time to have twin. Thirdreasonis if she is a twin she has a good chance to have twins, or if one of her sibling gave birth to twin then she will have a good chance to have twin. The lastreasonis African women has the highest chance of having twin patch Asian women have a low chance. When having a single baby one of the young-bearing(prenominal) ovaries release one egg, and then the egg joins with sperm cell of the male partner. Then the fertilized egg began to develop a baby.Then when having multiple babies the womanhoodish ovaries release two eggs at the same time. Then a separate sperm from the male partner began to fertilize with the egg, which will produce twins. When a female is about to give birth to trine or more baby the offshoot of it is aboutlikewhen a female giving birth to twins. When about to give birth to twins or being pregnant with one can cause risk and dangers to twins. The maj or risk of having one waspretermlabor. Pretermlabor is when the baby is born three to quartet weeks before the babywas assigned tobe born.If a mother is solicitude that she is havingpreterm laborthere is sign. The signs are a mother is beginning to have more than quintet densification hour. as well the mother began to have contractionoften, and then she is starting having cramp. Another sign is she is having an upset stomach. Lastly her vagina begins to have changes, but also she could begin to vaginal bleeding. Itis toldby doctor that the mother having multiple births that she is aware of the risk orpretermlabor,andthe sign of it. Another risk of having a twin is they could have twin-to-twin Transfusion Syndrome.Twin-to-twin Transfusion Syndrome is a distemper of the placenta. When in pregnancy the single placentais shared between the two twins, during that care for abnormal vessel canhave a chanceto develop, thenthe connection ofthe circulatory system of the twin. After, th at it can develop of uneven change of pipeline flow. When that happens between the two babies one of them will give argumentation to the other one which can risk of or both of the babies health. Lastly another risk is the twins can haveMonoamnionic MonochorionicTwins. This disease occurs when twinsare enclosedwithin a single amniotic sac.During the mother pregnancy the twins umbilical cords begins to me tangled, which result in deep in thought(p) of nutrients and oxygen to their body. When that happens there will be no cure, but to give birth to them. When a mother ofMonoamnionicMonochorionictwins she is being taking spare care, and been watch for possible hospitalization. The good thing is only 1% percentage of twin birth will be monoamniotic. The current survival rate for this disease is 60%. While there are risks when having multiple births for the babies, there are some that can endanger the mothers health.Mothers that gave birth to multiple babieshave a chanceof experien cing gestational diabetes, during the stage of pregnancy. This happen, because when ingesting an unembellishedbaby itcan interfereswith the mothers body ability to process insulin. The good thing is, itcan becontrolled with a diet, but sometimes the insulinmust bemanaged. This will not have an affect to the babies. Another risk is the risk for the mother to have heart problem. Recent correction in Canada got sad result for mothers of multiple babies. They found out that mothers that carry two or more babies are thirteen times more likely tohave the experienceof heart failure. non only that the risk of having a heart attack during their pregnancy stage is nearly quadruple. More look tells that the mothers can have an increase to physiological stress, explaining that eachmorebaby raises the level of cardiac output. Lastly the other risk for a mother is they could havePreeclampsiaandPIH. When pregnant mother of multiples they could have blood drive problem. PIH, or Pregnancy-Induce d Hypertension,is diagnosedwhen the mothers blood pressure is measures higher than cxl over 90. Itis recommended that a mother that is pregnant with multiple that theyshould checktheir blood pressure regularly.There also treatments for this some are, restricted activity, bed rest, and rarely use of medications. Severe cases can result in early delivery. While there isPIH,Preeclampsiait is different. Preeclampsiaeffectsin one in three moms giving birth to multiple babies. It could be treated with bed rest or medications, but the mother should closely watch because there authority risk that the mother can have kidney failure, seizures or stroke. The symptoms can ordinarily occur after twentieth week of pregnancy, whichcan be commonly found in routine check up.The symptoms are water retention, high blood pressure, proteins in the urine or the mother can began to straighten out more than two pounds in a week. More severe symptomscan beagitation or confusion, the mother begins to hav e mental change, illness or vomiting, headaches, fatigue, stomach pain, or breath shortness. It is best is that the mother should trace with a doctor or caretaker if she is experiencing theses symptoms so, she could find a treatments. In the past year there have been interesting things about twins like in 1980, one in every 53 babiesbornare twins. By 2009 the number has increase to one in thirty.Another interesting thing is male twins will neverhave a chanceto have twins unless their wives can the ability to produce two eggs. Also identical twins share the same DNA, but what is interesting is that they dont share the same fingerprints. It is found that 22% of twins are bornleft-handed, while it is 10% for a single baby. A mother thatbefore gave birth to fraternal twins has a three to four-spot times to give birth to another set of twins. Nigeria has the highest rate of multiple births, while in China they have the lowest rate the median(a) in one in three hundreds babies.Study h as sh own that awoman whois vegan has five times less likely to have twins than to a woman who eats meat. A study in Padova, Italy found out that the babies began to move at fourteen weeks. Lastly 40% of twins invent their own language. In the past years twins were fascinated, but now they are not as much fascinated since the birth of twins has increase. Not only the birth has increase, but also there has been diseases found in twins. Identical, fraternal, and conjoin yes they are all different twin, but all three has something common.

Retirement vs. Strife in Old Age Essay

A piece of music that spends many years in active service be it for himself or for a more noble reason such as his coarse or people, would more certainly than not find retirement a disorienting prospect once he faces it. Retirement means fillet whatever has kept one alive and working for most of his wakeless years. It means realigning his goals, getting used to other, more leisurely and less strenuous habits as befitting gaga age, and preparing to face death with peace and resignation.In Lord Alfred Tennysons poem Ulysses, the mythical hero of Homers epics expresses his anxiety about coming back home to Ithaca to reclaim his sure-enough(a) responsibilities as king after years of voyageing overseas and fleck the Trojan war, and his desire of undertaking a new adventure, instead. The poem begins with Ulysses dreading his retrograde to resume the job of an idle king (Tennyson 1). He could not approximate the relevance of staying home with an aged wife (Tennyson 3) and to mete and dole (Tennyson 4) rewards or punishments to the people he governsmost of whom he does not know nor they of him exactly for his position as king.Ulysses does not handle his former life of loafing and monotony even if it was a life of comfort and wealth. He prefers to travel and seek for adventures, testing life to its limits. For Ulysses, traveling means enjoying and suffering episodic moments. The sea and foreign lands, unlike a kingdom, presents varied and new experiences. Those that he had experienced so far have given him a a liking(p) heart (Tennyson 12). His voyages have brought him to strange places, whollyowed him to interact with different peoples, customs and cultures, and check creatures unimaginable if one simply stayed in one place all his life.Moreover, he has experienced the drunk delight (Tennyson 16) of war in Troy. postcode in his kingdom could equal the things he did and witnessed. All that Ulysses saw and did do him what he has become and has produce d a kind of restlessness or thirst upon his soul that cannot now be satiated by ruling a kingdom. This past life as king has become dull in comparison to his life as a voyager and s antiquatedier. According to him, a person who is contented with his present life is like rusting and acknowledging that the only excogitation of life is to breathe.Ulysses wants to follow knowledge like a sinking have/ Beyond the utmost bound of human thought (Tennyson 31-32). He would like to keep exploring and test the boundaries of the capacities of an ordinary mortal, even one who is already old and less agile. He believes that ones age is not a factor to consider because old age hath yet his honor and his business (Tennyson 50). Only death can stop and end the possibilities that life has to offer. In the end, Ulysses appoints his son, Telemachus, to take his place as king, leaving him the scepter and the isle (Tennyson 34).Meanwhile, he prepares to embark on another journey. The speakers exhorta tions to his former companions in the final stanza may well be read as words that any man should well take heed as a personal advice, especially those who are contemplating a sedentary retirement in their senior years. The lines encourage everyone to not worry about the physical limitations that old age imposes upon every individual because the weakness of the body can considerably be overcome when one is strong in will (Tennyson 69). This is as well how a heroic life is lived.

Personal Ethical Communication Statement

Having a salubrious character, I also have a predisposition to optimism that influences positively my communication. I use these personality characteristics to encourage others, but I have agnize that my communication needs to be improved due to societal roles that profess my intelligences. Since the world is made up of different categories of people, cultivations, and races with which I have to interact, I have the obligation to watch how my perceptions are formed and influenced.I forever believe that the success is the fruit of a hard work or a higher education as a dominant perception but when reading the text book Human Communication in society, I have discovered that the opposite site should be interpreted into consideration. Focusing on hard work and education was blocking my fortune to see what others people are trying. As inference, I public opinion that roughly people are living in poverty because they did not go to school or did not want to work hard.This is a wro ngly inference which I have decided to reject. I recognize that rough people did not have the opportunity to go to school disdain their willingness to do so. Being from Africa and blackamoor, I used to think that due to racial discrimination, the United States would never be led by a black person. The opposite side of my intellections was proven since president Obama was elected in 2008. That thought was based on my individual experience and the historical time utmost that showed that among 43 presidents who led the U. S since it has been a country, there was no African American person. This has helped me understand that it is not a good idea to affirm on experience or time period. Personally, I realized that I have been experiencing ethnocentrism to some degree because I thought that only my culture was giving more importance to marriage and all other groups were neglectful in the matter. Also, I was stereotyping a group of people according to what I heard about them that mo st of them were thieves or liars.This has led me to experience loss to one of my co-workers who belonged to that specific group. It affected our communication because I could not place her or believe in what she could say. As a mother, I thought that I knew better than my children so that I could choose for them the kind and colors of their clothes, their fields of studies, their food and so on. To improve my communication with my children, I have decided to discuss with them about everything before letting them making their ingest choices.

A Survey conducted on teachers in the United States

The broad(a) population studied was 200 instructors with different demographic profiles. Of them 66 instructors were forge forces ( 33 % ) and 134 were giving egg-producing(prenominal)s ( 67 % ) . In footings of matrimonial strength, 38 % were individual ( i.e 76 instructors ) and the remainder 124 instructors were married. Among the studied population once more(prenominal), 164 instructors were professionall(a)y qualified, m ending the remainder 36 instructors did non pay any professional readiness. Experience judicious 45 % of the studied population had an escort of &038 lt 10years ( 90 instructors ) and the remainder ace hundred ten instructors had an experience of &038 gt 10 old ages.The beneathmentioned pie charts portray the perceptual experience of instructors in United States refering comprehensive study. Following the order in luck I of the questionnaire, the subjects demand been discussed.On creation asked if they call back that comprehensive flai r of nurture helps pupils with contingent demands f atomic number 18 get around academicianally, more than half of the respondents ( 65 % ) powerfully agree that pupils when put in an comprehensive menage suites, set up out academically better and their response towards comprehensive schooling is greater. Another 20 % of instructors atomic number 18 likewise positive about this perceptual experience. Therefore a huge mess of the surveyed population ar positive towards the interrogative of inclusivity as a aid for special(a) nurture in footings of academic rise in pupils with finicky demands. 12 % of the population was impersonal on the telephone number and negative positions were expressed by still a little nonage of 0.75 % who dis hold and 0.25 % who powerfully objected this position. Thus the overall instructor confederation s perceptual experience was found to be positive on this issue.On existence asked if they opinion that the desegregation of crabbe d involve kids into the general pupil residential district would impact the even pupils in any manner, provided 8 % of the respondents agreed of which merely 5 % powerfully agreed that when normal pupils argon fit(p) along with cross kids in a unconstipated grade ambiance, negatively forget impact the exoteric institution and efficiency of normal pupils. 22 % were impersonal in their positions and matte that comprehension might or might non hold an consequence on the official pupil community. The remainder of the 70 % of the instructors surveyed disagreed to this position of which 40 % powerfully disagreed that comprehension body might impact the rhythmical pupils in any manner. Again, the instructor s response for inclusion codmed to be favourable in an overall passel.To the interrogatory og whether or non endorse up put forward moldiness be reachn to kids with circumstance demands in the inclusive repose up to accomplish the highest stagecoach of inclusi on, 62 % of the respondents potently retrieved that posterior up support must be throw offn to accomplish the highest degree of inclusion. Another 23 % agreed to this position doing the inbuilt favorable billet to this position a pop of 85 % . 5 % of instructors were candid on this position and merely 10 % had negative positions. Among the 10 % merely 2 % of the instructors strongly jilted this position.On being asked if they approximation that academically clever pupils pass on be hardening-apart in an inclusive household apparatus, no(prenominal) of the instructors strongly certain this position and merely 3 % agreed that such(prenominal) a possibility exists. 22 % of the instructors were informal as to whether or non inclusion might insulate the academically apt kids. A bulk og 42 % instructors strongly rejected this position of isolation of the academically bright kids in inclusive categories age 33 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 75 % co gitate that academically talented kids will non be isolated in inclusive home suites.To the 5th interrogation as to whether the placing of kids with especial(a) demands in fifty-fifty course of pedagogics suites whitethorn impact the academic public presentment of old-timer current pupils, 50 % of the corresponding community position they strongly rejected this aspect. Another 15 % disagreed to the popular opinion doing a bulk of 65 % of instructors who horizon that the puting kids with contingent demands in uninterrupted family line suites will non impact the academic public presentation of antique waterway students.10 % of the instructors surveyed were unsolved on the issue piece of music 25 % veritable the judgment of which 13 % strongly felt that puting kids with position demands in ceaseless category suites may impact the academic public presentation of point waterway pupils and close to other 12 % agreed.To the inquiry of whether kids with incide nt tuition demands will profit from inclusive precept, 78 % of the instructors surveyed strongly accepted that kids with point demands will profit and some other 12 % agreed to the thought. Thus a sum of 90 % of the instructors thought that inclusivity benefits the kids with incident demands. Merely 9 % of the instructors had a negative position on the thought darn 1 % were undecided on the issue.On being asked if they thought that kids with accompaniment academic demands have a right to knob flow statement, 72 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and other(prenominal) 18 % agreed that kids with accompaniment academic demands have a right to school principal flow instruction. 5 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non kids with especial(a) academic demands have a right to gaffer flow instruction. A nonage og 2 % instructors strongly rejected this position of kids with incident academic demands attri fur in that location a right to quest ion flow instruction era other 3 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 90 % signify that kids with circumstance academic demands have a right to point waterway instruction.To the last inquiry as to whether the puting kids with bad-tempered demands in steadfast category suites may ensue in labeling of the kids with token demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and hence dispute the end of inclusivity, 68 % of the describeing community thought they strongly rejected this thought. Another 23 % disagreed to the thought doing a bulk of 91 % of instructors who thought that the placing of kids with crabby demands in secureness category suites will non ensue in labeling of the kids with contingent demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and thitherfore dispute the end of inclusivity. 2 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 7 % accepted the thought of which 4 % strongly felt that puting kids with token demands in unshakable category suites m ay ensue in labeling of the kids with fact demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and thitherfore dispute the end of inclusivity and some other 3 % agreed. objet dart IIIn portion II of the questionnaire, the observations of instructors from the US blither the corporate attempts between particular instruction and oldtimer waterway instructors in an inclusive schoolway were studied.On being asked if they thought that particular instruction instructors and unbroken chief current instructors must feed together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites, 82 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 12 % agreed that particular instruction instructors and regular chief stream instructors must seduce together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites. 1 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non particular instruction instructors and regular chief stream instructors must subject toget her to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites. A nonage og 2 % instructors strongly rejected this position of kids with particular academic demands holding a right to chief watercourse instruction while another 3 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 94 % conjecture that particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instructors must lean together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites.The execution of inclusive instruction as a in reality good construct is uneffective referable to expostulation from the chief watercourse category room instructors. To this inquiry as to whether the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse classroom instructors, 12 % of the learning community thought they strongly rejected this thought. Another 18 % disagreed to the thought doing a sum of 30 % of instructors who did non believe that the executi on of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors. 3 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 67 % accepted the thought of which 39 % strongly felt that the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors and another 28 % agreed.To the 3rd inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands put in their regular category suites, 58 % of the learning community thought they strongly accepted this thought. Another 20 % agreed to the thought doing a bulk of 78 % of instructors who thought that chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands compulsive(p) in their regular category suites. 1 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 21 % did non prefer the thought of which 10 % strongly rejected the thought that chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands placed in their regular category suites and another 11 % disagreed.Questions were raised on the ideas about hard to square up on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the figurehead of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites, 62 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 12 % agreed that it hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the battlefront of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites and 4 % of the instructors were open as to whether or non it is hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites and a minority of 10 % instructors strongly rejected this position that it is hard to find on who truly is responsible fo r pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites while a another 12 % disagreed. Therefore with a huge bulk of instructors 74 % think that hard to find on who truly is responsible for pupils with particular demands during the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites.To the last inquiry as to whether or non a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites, 48 % of the learning community thought they strongly accepted this thought. Another 20 % agreed to the thought doing a bulk of 68 % of instructors who thought that a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites. 10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while 22 % did non prefer the thought of which 10 % strongly rejected the thought that a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites and another 12 % disagreed. musical composition deuce-aceThe 3rd portion of the questionnaire highlights some of the issues that need the care of the parties involved in implementing particular instruction plans peculiarly with mention to inclusive manner of instruction.To the first inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the dressing and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the clssrooms, 15 % of the learning community thought they strongly accepted this thought. Another 8 % agreed to the thought doing a minority of 23 % of instructors who thought that chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the clssrooms. 2 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 75 % did non favor the thought of which 50 % strongly rejecte d the thought that a chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the clssrooms and another 25 % disagreed.On being asked if they thought that kids with particular demands compulsory pleonastic aid and attending in regular category suites, 87 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position and another 8 % agreed that the kids with particular demands required lavishness aid and attending in regular category suites. none of the instructors were open as to whether or non the kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites. A minority og 3 % instructors strongly rejected this position that kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites while another 2 % disagreed. Therefore a huge bulk of instructors 95 % think that the kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular catego ry suites.To the inquiry og whether or non kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more corrective jobs when compared to regular pupils, 58 % of the respondents strongly believed that kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils. Another 34 % agreed to this position doing the entire favourable mental stead to this position a bulk of 92 % . 4 % of instructors were undecided on this position and merely 4 % had negative positions. Among the 4 % 2 % of the instructors strongly rejected this position and the other 2 % disagreed that kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils.Main watercourse schoolroom instructors received really pocket-size aid from particular demands instructors. To this inquiry as to whether the particular instructors are of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 30 % thought they strongly rejected this thought.Another 2 % disagreed to the thought doing a sum of 32 % of instructors who did non believe that the particular instructors are of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructors and with another 10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 58 % accepted the thought of which 34 % strongly felt that particular instructors are non of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 24 % agreed.Last, to the inquiry as to whether resources for pupils with particular demands are bound in a chief watercourse schoolroom though inclusive instruction is of import, merely 2 % of the learning community thought they disagreed to the thought. non surprisingly none of the interviewed instructors strongly rejected this thought that resources for pupils with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom. 10 % of the instructors surveyed were undecided on the issue while a bulk of 88 % accepted the thought of which 44 % strongly felt that resources for pupils with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom and another 44 % agreed.Table I Teachers perceptual experiences towards inclusive instructionThe following tabular tramp summarizes the consequences of the questionnaire in a simpler format where the pro-inclusive thoughts are combined to give the per centums low the relevant deed and the anti-inclusive thoughts are combined similarly to give the per centums under the relevant rubric. Those with diffident positions on the topic are anyways tabulated.Part I QuestionsPro-inclusive achromaticAnti-inclusiveInclusive category suites help pupils with particular demands to extend academically better87 %12 %1 %Integration of particular Students with particular demands into the regular community70 %22 %8 %In order to achieve the maximal degree of inclusion, it is of import for pupils with particular demands to be portion of regular categories w ith back up support.85 %5 %10 %The public presentation of chief watercourse pupils in regular categories are negatively affected by the presence of pupils with particular demands65 %10 %25 %Inclusion category suites will insulate academically gifted pupils75 %22 %3 %Inclusion plan in regular category suites will profit the academy pupils with particular demands.90 %1 %9 %Education in chief watercourse categories is the right of the pupils with particular demands.90 %5 %5 %Students with particular demands will non be labelled as hopeless stupid and weird when placed in regular category suites91 %2 %7 %Table-II Collaboration between particular instruction and chief watercourse instructorsThe following tabular array summarizes the consequences of the questionnaire Part II in a simpler format where the pro-collaborative thoughts are combined to give the per centums under the relevant rubric and the anti-collaborative thoughts are combined similarly to give the per centums under the relevant rubric. Those with unsure positions on the topic are besides tabulated.Part II QuestionsPro-collaborativeImpersonalAnti-collaborativeRegular instructors and extra demands instructors must resolve together in order to learn pupils with particular demands in inclusive category suites.94 %1 %4 %Because of the expostulation from the chief watercourse schoolroom teachers the execution of Inclusive instruction is uneffective although it is a really good construct.30 %3 %67 %The duty of chief watercourse category instructors towards pupils with particular demands is of at most importance.78 %1 %21 %The presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites could raise troubles in finding who truly is responsible for the particular pupils22 %4 %74 %Particular demands of the pupils are merely met by particular instruction instructors.22 %10 %68 %Table-III Schemes to better inclusive instructionThe following tabular array summarizes the consequences of the q uestionnaire Part III in a simpler format where the pro-improvement thoughts are combined to give the per centums under the relevant rubric and the anti-improvement thoughts are combined similarly to give the per centums under the relevant rubric. Those with unsure positions on the topic are besides tabulated.Part III QuestionsPro-improvementImpersonalAnti-improvementTeachers of the chief watercourse schoolroom have the accomplishments and the preparation to learn and deport into the demand particular demand pupils75 %2 %23 %Particular needs pupils need excess aid and attending95 %0 %5 %compared to the regular pupils there was more of disciplinary jobs with pupils of particular demands92 %4 %4 %particular needs instructors are of really fine aid to chief stream category room instructors.58 %10 %32 %the resources for the pupils with particular demands in a chief watercourse category room are limited although inclusive instruction is of great of import,88 %10 %2 %Testing conjecture for inclusion instructionThe above cultivation was analysed to prove the undermentioned hypothesis. In visible radiation of the antecedently published infos, a series of hypothesis were adapted and tested against the information obtained through this survey. The undermentioned hypotheses was testedThe hypothesis which was tested provinces that, there is no great difference between male and female instructors in their emplacements towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites .Testing speculation 1Harmonizing to the first hypothesis we assume that, there is no important difference between male and female instructors in their attitudes towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites .The consequence of the hypothesis is presented on table below Among the pro-inclusive attitudes observed, the per centums of work on forces and big(a) females who portion the corresponding position are given in s eparate columns.Part I QuestionsPro-inclusiveWork forceWomansInclusive category suites help pupils with particular demands to ply academically better87 %37 %63 %Integration of particular Students with particular demands into the regular community70 %22 %78 %In order to achieve the maximal degree of inclusion, it is of import for pupils with particular demands to be portion of regular categories with back up support.85 %35 %65 %The public presentation of chief watercourse pupils in regular categories are negatively affected by the presence of pupils with particular demands65 %25 %75 %Inclusion category suites will insulate academically gifted pupils75 %22 %78 %Inclusion plan in regular category suites will profit the academy pupils with particular demands90 %41 %49 %Education in chief watercourse categories is the right of the pupils with particular demands.90 %45 %55 %Students with particular demands will non be label as hopeless stupid and weird when placed in regular category suites91 %32 %68 %On being asked if they think that inclusive manner of instruction helps pupils with particular demands fare better academically, 85 % of instructors were positive towards the inquiry. The per centum of work forces and expectant females who voted for inclusivity as a aid for particular instruction in footings of academic betterment in pupils with particular demands were 37 % work forces and 63 % openhanded females. As both genders are stragglingly represented in the population, the per centums were controlled for based on representation. For the inquiry of whether they thought that the integrating of particular needs kids into the general pupil community would impact the regular pupils in any manner 70 % of the instructors surveyed disagreed of which 22 % were work forces while 78 % were adult females. To the inquiry of whether or non endorse up support must be given to kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to accomplish the highest degree of incl usion, 85 % of the respondents strongly believed that back up support must be given to accomplish the highest degree of inclusion of which 35 % were work forces and 65 % were adult females.On being asked if they thought that academically talented pupils will be isolated in an inclusive category apparatus, 75 % think that academically talented kids will non be isolated in inclusive category suites of which 22 % were work forces and 78 % were adult females. To the 5th inquiry as to whether the constitution of kids with particular demands in regular category suites may impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse pupils, 65 % of instructors thought that the arrangement of kids with particular demands in regular category suites will non impact the academic public presentation of chief watercourse pupils of which 25 % were work forces and 75 % were adult females. To the inquiry of whether kids with particular instruction demands will profit from inclusive instruction, 90 % of the instructors surveyed strongly accepted that kids with particular demands will profit of which 41 % were work forces and 49 % were adult females.On being asked if they thought that kids with particular academic demands have a right to chief watercourse instruction, 90 % of the instructors agreed of which 45 % were work forces and 55 % were adult females. To the last inquiry as to whether the arrangement of kids with particular demands in regular category suites may ensue in labeling of the chidren with particular demands as Wyrd, stupid or hopeless, and therefore dispute the end of inclusivity, a bulk of 91 % of instructors disagreed of which 32 % were work forces and 68 % were adult females. The consequences signal that overall adult females seemed to possess more positive attitude than work forces towards inclusivity. Student s t-test was performed on the values obtained and hypothesis one was proved untrue. Hence, there is considerable discrepancy between male and femal e instructors in their attitudes towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites .Statistical analysis of the trial consequences show that 32.37 % of positive attitude was shown by work forces towards inclusive instruction, with a pattern dissimilarity of +/-8.71 while 66.37 % was shown by adult females, with a standard divergence of +/-10.63. 2-tailed T-test was performed on the information obtained and the difference was important at 99 % assurance interval. Hence there is a important difference in the attitude of work forces and adult females towards the inclusion of particular need pupils in general instruction category suites.Part II QuestionsPro-collaborativeWork forceWomansRegular instructors and Particular demands instructors must work together in order to learn pupils with particular demands in inclusive category suites.94 %46 %54 %Because of the expostulation from the chief watercourse schoolroom teachers the execution of Inclusive instruction is uneffective although it is a really good construct.30 %67 %33 %The duty of chief watercourse category instructors towards pupils with particular demands is of at most importance.78 %41 %49 %The presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites could raise troubles in finding who truly is responsible for the particular pupils22 %74 %26 %Particular demands of the pupils are merely met by particular instruction instructors.22 %90 %10 %The consequence of gender on perceptual experiences of instructors from the US the corporate attempts between particular instruction and chief watercourse instructors in an inclusive schoolroom were studied.On being asked if they thought that particular instruction instructors and regular chief watercourse instructors must work together to learn kids with particular academic demands in inclusive category suites, 94 % of the instructors accepted this position of which46 % were work forces and 54 % were adult fem ales. Inclusive instruction is a good construct, but its executing is bootless due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors. To this inquiry as to whether the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors, 30 % of instructors did non believe that the execution of inclusive instruction is uneffective due to expostulations from chief watercourse schoolroom instructors of which 67 % were work forces and 33 % were adult females. To the 3rd inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instructors have a chief duty towards the kids with particular demands placed in their regular category suites, 78 % of instructors accepted this position of which 41 % were work forces and 49 % were adult females.On being asked if they thought that the presence of a particular instruction instructor in the regular category suites could raise troubles in finding who truly is responsible for the pupils with parti cular demands, 22 % of the instructors disagreed this position of which 74 % were work forces and 26 % were adult females. To the last inquiry as to whether or non a particular instruction teacher merely helps the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites, merely 34 % disagreed of which 90 % were work forces and 10 % were adult females.Statistical analysis of the trial consequences show that 63.6 % of positive attitude was shown by work forces towards inclusive instruction, with a standard divergence of +/-20.23 while 34.4 % was shown by adult females, with a standard divergence of +/-17.78. A 2-tailed T-test was performed on the information obtained and the difference was non important at 95 % assurance interval. Hence there is no notable alteration in the attitude of work forces and adult females towards collaborative attempts required towards the execution of particular instruction in a manner that helps recognize its end.Part III QuestionsPro-improvementWork for ceWomansTeachers of the chief watercourse schoolroom have the accomplishments and the preparation to learn and run into the demand particular demand pupils75 %4858 %Particular needs pupils need excess aid and attending95 %45 %55 %compared to the regular pupils there was more of disciplinary jobs with pupils of particular demands92 %54 %46 %Particular needs instructors are of really small aid to chief stream category room instructors.58 %39 %61 %the resources for the pupils with particular demands in a chief watercourse category room are limited although inclusive instruction is of great of import,88 %52 %48 %The hypothesis was tested to see the consequence of the gender of the learning module on some of the issues that needs the attending of the people involved in carry throughing inclusive particular instruction plans.To the first inquiry as to whether or non chief watercourse instruction instructors possess the preparation and the accomplishments to assist the kids with particular demands placed in the category suites, a bulk of 75 % did non prefer the thought of which 42 % were work forces and 58 % were adult females. On being asked if they thought that kids with particular demands required excess aid and attending in regular category suites, 95 % of the instructors strongly accepted this position of which 45 % were work forces and 55 % were adult females. To the inquiry og whether or non kids with particular demands in the inclusive set up to perpetrate more disciplinary jobs when compared to regular pupils, 92 % of the respondents accepted this position of which 54 % were work forces and 46 % were adult females.Particular instructors are non of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructor. To this inquiry as to whether the particular instructors are of any aid to the chief watercourse schoolroom instructor, 58 % accepted the thought of which 39 % were work forces and 51 % were adult females. Last, to the inquiry as to whether resources for pupil s with particular demands are limited in a chief watercourse schoolroom though inclusive instruction is of import, a bulk of 88 % accepted the thought of which 52 % were work forces and 48 % were adult females.Statistical analysis of the trial consequences show that 46.4 % of positive attitude was shown by work forces towards inclusive instruction, with a standard divergence of +/-6.42 while 51.6 % was shown by adult females, with a standard divergence of +/-6.26. 2-tailed T-test was performed on the information obtained and the difference was non important at 95 % assurance interval. Hence there is no notable alteration in the attitude of work forces and adult females towards betterments necessary in particular instruction.Based on the survey consequences, in general, the instructors had a positive attack towards the inclusive theoretical account of instruction, a positive attack towards a collaborative attempt to assist make the ultimate end of inclusion and a positive attack towa rds the attempts to better the inclusive programme. Further the survey tested the hypothesis of gender preconceived notion in credence of the inclusive plan among instructors and found that adult females were more accepting towards the inclusion of kids with particular demands and hence the end of the plan than work forces. The information was important at the 99 % assurance interval. Interestingly work forces were more positive for collaborative attempts than they were for inclusion as a all in all although the information was non important at the 95 % assurance interval. Both work forces and adult females were positive about the demand for betterments in the field and there was no important difference in their attitudes based on the stopcock used.Restrictions of the survey The sample size is excessively little and therefore non phonation of all the schools in the United States. The Numberss of work forces and adult females campaigners interviewed are non the selfsame(prenomina l) and therefore the survey might hold been more colored towards the position of adult females than work forces. Further surveies with an hypertrophied sample drawn from all the provinces are needed to make to the decisions that can be said as true to the full instruction population of the United States. This survey should besides separate instructors attitudes towards the inclusion of different types of particular instruction demands, which are thought to represent an of import parametric quantity. The information must farther be linked to attitudinal tonss that link teacher attitude to either learning effectuality or to pupil results which is yet to be explored.

The letter R

Monica Silva Radiant R E genuinely al-Quran in the side of meat spoken language derives from 26 seemingly simple letters. separately letter has g whizz through a erratic transition in order to end up how it is today. most letters have been erased, epoch round added, and others Just trans organize. The complex Journey of the written language bed somewhat be seen through the transition of R. The letter R is mavin of the letters that has been around since the very beginning of writing. R is a unique letter in its pronunciation, history and its place in cultural arti accompaniments as well as math and skills. small(a)-arm looking at the English rudiment, one would come across the eighteenth letter of the alphabet R. R mint be classified as an ancestor for written language today. art object most letters have been around for a very dogged clipping, R is one that has residency and that has not had a very enceinte change throughout history. R is a letter that has appeargond in some of the oldest writings comprise. These include inscriptions from the Semitic culture. In these writings, R was represented by something that looked analogous a human head in profile (David Sacks 283) (figure 1).They called this ymbol resh, which translates to head in the Semitic language. This letter also appears in the Phoenician alphabet. At this time it unflustered represented the vocalize head but its shape had changed. The illustration move from a human head profile to something that looked a lot like a advance(a) day backwards P (fgure 2). This illustration could still be classified as a human head, Just with more(prenominal) defined, longer neck. As the Greeks studied the Phoenician alphabet, they took great influence on their letters and took a large set out of it as basis for their testify alphabet.As for the letter R, they did not hange it much from what it had originally been. They decided to only metamorphose its name so that it would fit better into t he decease of their language, thus it became rho. This had no special meaning in Greek aside from the letter (Sacks 285). In early Greek writing, rho could be either turned to the left or the right. It was not until about 500 B. C. that the Greeks decided to permanently have rho approach towards the right, thus making the visual practically the same as the Phoenician alphabet.They made this change because the Greek reading permanently changed from left to right. The chase that is on the R today did not appear until in was formed in ancient Rome. The tail was at first a very short line, but then developed into a complete stroke all the way to the baseline. The little version of r is unique in the fact that it is the only letter that has an uppercase closed section, epoch its lowercase version does not. This was due to the style of handwriting in the early checkt and soul Ages. Instead of drawing the entire loop and tail, they only drew the eliminate of the curved line (fgure 3).They did this in order to save time and save strokes while writing. This shortcut has been carried along all the way up to modern day writing. The letter R has a variety of different sounds depending on what word you atomic number 18 saying, what language you are speaking, or even what part of the country you are from due to different accents. The eight different hot air consonants are alveolar consonant trill, alveolar approximant, alveolar tlap, voiced retrotlex tricative, retrotlex approximant, copy flap, uvular trill, and voiced uvular fricative (Wikipedia).One sound heard in English is the alveolar trill it is described as a rolling R. tether air ver articulator so that it can vibrate makes this sound. This sound deals with the tip of the dialect and while making this sound the vocal cords lead vibrate. other rhetoric consonant found in the English language is alveolar approximant. Narrowing the vocal tract where it articulates creates this sound and it also deals with the tip of the expression and the vocal cords vibrate while making it as well. another(prenominal) consonant found in English is retroflex approximant.Like alveolar approximant, dwindling the vocal tract at articulation creates this sound. This sound deals with the tip of the ongue as it is turned up and vocal cords will vibrate while creating this sound. The last rhetoric consonant found in English is retroflex flap. This sound is created with one contraction of the muscle, making the tongue thrown against the do-nothing of the mouth. Like retroflex approximant, the tongue is curled up when making this sound and the vocal cords will vibrate as well. Each of these explained sounds are oral consonants meaning that air can escape from the mouth only.They are also all central consonants meaning that the sound is produced by instructing race on he center of the tongue instead of to the sides of the mouth. (Wikipedia). Recordings of all eight rhetoric consonants can be found on the computer address page. While making some simple R sounds you could find that if you lift up your tongue, you will then be making the sound of the letter L. This would be because of the fact that R and L are phonetically sisters and they are called liquids. The landmark liquid consonants mean that these two letters behave in a similar way.These two letters are going to have an cause on a vowel sound that precedes them in a word (Sacks 280). This effect is that of drawing out the vowels pronunciation and thus making it stronger. Some examples that Sacks gives are the words pole and poke. Saying these words aloud, one can hear how the e in pole is more prominent than the e in poke. This is unique in the fact that the only other letter that makes this effect in the English alphabet is obviously L. Phonetic writing is not the only place you will land eyes on the letter R, it has an importance in science as well as mathematics.In the sciences, the gas continual is represented by t he uppercase R. The reason R was chosen to represent the gas constant is unknown but there are three ideas as to why this may be. The first idea is simply that it was random. The second idea is that it could perhaps stand for ratio. Scientists thought this could be because of the fact that this value of R was found by calculating the constancy of the ratio over pressure and time. The trine idea for this representation is that it was named after Henri Victor Regnault. Regnault was the French chemist who measured the early value of the constant densen 2).In mathematics, the letter R represents the set of all real metrical composition. R was chosen because Rn refers to the Cartesian product of n copies of R. Another reason is it thought to represent all real numbers is because of the fact that the word real starts with an r (OConnor 1). Just like R plays a role in mathematics and science, it can be caught compete a role in cultural artifacts as well. The letter R is also known as the dogs letter. There are many pack who have made a connection between the sound of r and a dog. In 1529 Geotry Tory compared the r growling sound to dogs when they are maddened and about to bite each other.During the mid first century, a poet named Persius referred to R as dog letter as well. Also in the Spanish language it is called canina littera, which may be of even greater importance because in Spanish language rolled rs is a major part of their pronunciation. Another soulfulness who referred to R as the dogs letter was Ben Jonson in his book English Grammar (Sacks 280). This reference can be found in the famous Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare in Act 2, scene 4. In this part of the play, Juliets nurse calls the letter R, the dogs name referring to Romeo as a dog.

Consequences of colonialism in India Essay

colonialism of Britain in India impacted heavily on distinct levels of life and culture. The indigenous spoken languages of the natives in India were being wiped turn up and the English language began spreading really quickly. The Europeans aimed at altering the Indian culture to to a greater extent a European style. India depended so much on Great Britain for technological advances and construct goods be lay down Britain used India as its market. India provides raw materials for the factories in Britain during industrial revolution.The goods manufactured in Britain were transported to India for marketing therefore Indias technological advance was at purr with Britains technological on gaining independence. Indias economy deteriorated very rapidly because now it had to learn to depend on itself kind of than on the other nations. Developments in India have been so slow and as a result India is still undergoing industrial revolution. Indians were treated as second-class ci tizens in their take in nation because they were not granted their human rights in their own nation and were not allowed to hold government positions.They were paid very tokenish wages than their European counter lead offs who they worked with on the same kind of jobs. They were used as slaves to construct railways, build roads and harbors and were paid very little wages. Colonialism in India led to mass economic bitterness and friendly- heathen cleavage. These led to insertion of anti colonial rational liberation movements. These movements were aimed at attaining independence from the colonialists. pagan and religious movements that aimed at emphasizing on a national individualism found on traditions and cultural values were formed they fought so lumbering to retain their cultural beliefs and values.Great Britain assimilated the Indian culture making Britain a nation of diverse cultures because most Indians migrated to Britain. Britain is still home to many another(prenom inal) Indians. Colonial systems had a tendency of financing one ethnic, racial or cultural group by giving them a higher placement in the society. As a result this led to inter group and tribal rivalries. This also created unequal distribution of resources. Favored groups were given the privilege of assessing Copernican resources that allowed them to develop themselves at the expense of those outside the cultural group.This has led to the prevalent groups enforcing governmental sparing, governmental and social policies that led to unequal distribution of resources among their nations. The colonizers very much violated the human rights of those hoi polloi living in the colonized areas. This was affected when they enacted unjust policies that deprived the colonized subjects of their lands, resources, cultural and religious belief. They even perpetrate murder against their colonies. These unjust policies were seen in the form of slavery, mass murder and apartheid.The colonial empires controlled and operated their colonized governments from abroad or through the use of a selected domestic help privileged group . As a result when these nations gained independence they lacked the inner(a) structure and institutions to create good governance systems. During the British Empire, there was an append of population in the rural areas and reduced employment, which weakened the traditional status of peasants in rural settings . The loss of lands degraded the peasants to the status of squatters.This led them to bring agricultural laborers in their own lands. The living conditions of the peasants were degraded when the prices of the basic necessities other than food increased. Economic development depends on available resources, cultural changes, displacement of governmental systems and ways in which society adapts to the requirements of technological process. Countries that embraced their colonizers culture and semipolitical systems adapted to a rapidly work ing economic systems.China and capital of Singapore were fast to adapt and learn the technological advances from Britain and this has put them on an economical fore front in the world. The legacy of colonialism left African leaders with a fear of any form of political opposition. These leaders sacrificed political unity among tribes for their own good. These political leaders made accumulation of male monarch and political survival their priority at the expense of economic development. These political leaders sought to develop and increase national wealth rather than the peoples welfare.This has led to the dependence on the colonies and west countries for engineering and development. As a result their economies declined at very elevated rates, they argued that westward knowledge and development was superior their native knowledge and therefore they should do anything possible to adopt the western lifestyle. Colonization transfers wealth from the colonized countries to the colonize rs stellar(a) to inhibition of successful development of economies of the colonized countries.Colonialists have used neo-colonialism to cause political psychological and moral damages to the colonized countries. Colonialism opened up eastern United States Asia to the agricultural worlds market and all the instabilities associated with the world market forces. shaver farmers lost access to resources that had been an important element in making ends meet. The colonial system turned everything into private property pushing many people into dependence on wage labor. In Korea, Japan colonization destroy the education system that had been improving positively.Most of the missionary schools in Korea were replaced by private schools that did not offer quality education. The education that Koreans received was based on educating them to become better citizens of the Nipponese empire of a scorn level. The education given only provided the basics needed for the work that they were to per form. Korean economy grew very well under the Japanese rule amidst 1910 and 1945. Both the mining and manufacturing industries grew more than the period before the rule, but patronage this the Japanese held higher skilled and highly paid jobs.All the wealthiness gained from the growth of the economy were distributed among the Japanese who owned most of the companies, while the Koreans remained lamentable in their own countries. Koreans played a very small part in the modernisticization of their economy. With the end of Japanese colonialism, the economy of Korea decreased and collapsed. wide-cut industrial outputs decreased at very high rates when the Japanese managers and workers left, they also left the financial agricultural and banking systems in destruction.The Japanese colonial systems only favoured a few Koreans allowing them into government and financial systems that made them grow and prosper. However majority of the companies that did not find favor suffered and collap sed. Colonialism had a good-for-naught influence on the cultural identity of the colonized counties. This detached many people from their heritage and their identity colonizers have done first by oppression where they force the colonized regions to adapt foreign languages and foreign religions. finishingColonialism had both negatively charged and positive effects on the political, economical and social systems of the colonized regions. They eroded the cultural and traditional beliefs of the communities but still impacted positively on their economic growth. They introduced technological advances that assisted in evolution countries economies. However I would say that the effects of colonialism in general were negative since they left scars in those countries that were hard to heal.Bibliography Atiyah Jeremy. The rough Guide reciprocal ohm East. Asia. vulgar Guides, 2002 pg. 230 Castle Gregory.Post colonial discourses. Blackwell create, 2001p. 330. Christine J. Clive. Ideolog y and Revolution in South East Asia 1900 1980. Routledge, 2001 p. 39. Everett Heath Tom. Central Asia aspects of transition. Routledge, 2003 p. 80 Goodwin Jeff. No other way out states and revolutionary movements 1945 1991. London, 2001 pg. 200. Hack Karl.Rettig Tobias. Colonial Armies in South East Asia. Routledge 2006, pg. 195 Kiratoska H. Paul. South East Asia colonial History. South East Asia, 2001. p. 150. Lazarus Neil. National and cultural invest in the post colonial world.Cambridge 1999 p. 45. Mendl wolf. Japan and south East Asia. Routedge. 2001 p. 55. Milton Edwards. modern-day politics in the Middle East. Polity, 2006 p. 46. Milton Edwards Beverly. Conflicts in the Middle East since 1945. Routledge. 2001 p. 70. Pappe ilan. The modern Middle East. Routledge, 2005. p. 38. Schwarz Henry & Ray Sangeeta. A companion to Postcolonial studies Blackwell publishing 2000. p. 150. White Stephen. Communism and its collapse. Routledge 2001. p. 28. Young C & Robert J. Post colonialism An historic introduction. Black well publishing 2001, p. 94.

History of Jute Industries

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Introduction Jute is a natural vulcanized fiber with florid and silky shine and is kat oncen fountainhead as The Golden Fiber. It is the cheapest vegetable fiber procured from the skin of the plants stem. Jute is the fleck or so important vegetable fiber after state of ward cot long ton, in terms of usage, adult male(a) con warmnessption, business, and availability. It has superior tensile strength, pocket-sized extensibility, and ensures better breath ability of fabrics. Jute fiber is vitamin C% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentall(a)y friendly.It is adept of the close versatile natural fibers that swallow been employ in in the buff solids for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural empyreans. It helps to compact out best forest industrial tell, fabric, net, and sacks. Jute, the golden fiber, is the au naturel(p) material for one ofBangladeshs oldest industries. The low gear jute mill starte d turn anyplacement in Bengal in 1856. afterward to a greater extent than 150 historic period the jute fabrication is now challenged by contestation from alternative materials, by the recession in the international merchandises and by low aw areness among consumers of the versatile, eco-friendly nature of jute fabric itself.Yet this fabrication still volunteers a donjon to more(prenominal) than 250,000 mill workers and more than 4 one gazillion million farthermostmers families. It is a golden bond with the Earth its mathematical function is a producement darling ecological awareness as it is a fully bio-degradable and eco-friendly fiber. It comes from the earth, it helps the earth and once its vivification is done it merges back into the earth. Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal conductivity and moderate moisture regain.It includes acoustic insulating properties and even off with no skin irritat ions. Jute has the ability to be blended with an an other(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) fibers, both(prenominal) synthetic and natural, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such(prenominal) as natural, basic, vat, sulfur, reactive voice, and pigment dyes. While jute is population replaced by relatively cheap synthetic materials in many uses, yetjutes biodegradable nature is suitable for the storage of food materials, where synthetics would be unsuitable. 1. Report Background One of the unavoidable aspects of modern business studies is characterization to the practical experiences.As a component of the BBA program requirement, I was assigned by my honorable course instructor Prof. Dr. Nargis Akhter to prepare a Project subject field on The History of Jute Industries to fulfill the requirement of 3 credit course, scarper Code BUS 498. It endowed me with the opportunities to experience the real life moving-picture argue to the Jute orbits of Bangladesh. 2. Methodology In order to prepare the project report I use both gageary and chief(a) data. For primary data I talked to whatever employees of BJMC and BJMA all over phone and face to face.I as well crosschecked the information imbed over the internet by some people. For secondary data, I utilise the vast know takege of internet, the websites of assorted research organizations, different parvenues websites and different bind ground in the internet. 3. Scope &038 Limitations For this report, I apply graphs, chart, tables etc to show necessity information. Firstly, the recital of jute perseverance in the Indian subcontinent has been described elaborately. The history is divided into tetrad parts such as, Ancient compass point, Pre-compound period, post colonial period, after nationalization.The ware, cut-rate gross revenue, contri plainlyion of jute industries in East Pakistani economy, get condition, labor turmoil, industrial relations smears etc. are discussed afterwards. Finally I s trike sum up by some recommendations and showing my findings and analysis. Chapter 2 Literature follow-up 2. Literature Review The paper titled Jute Manufacturing Sector of Bangladesh Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Options, create verbally by Khondokar Golam Moazzem, MD. Tariqur Rahman, Abdus Sobhan, is all some performance and sales of jute mill about(predicate), prospects of jute move features and challenges confront by the jute move of Bangladesh 1.News published in fiscal Express is about the pauperism fulfilled by the jute industries, the ill focussing of jute industries and the present circumspection situation of jute industries in Bangladesh 2. An article published in Business commonplace in 31 declination 2009 written by the staff reporter Bhubaneswar which says that Jute industries of India seeks ban on imports of Bangladeshi jute goods for positivistic success of their own jute goods3. The article says the in the buffs about 48 hour strike held in stat e owned jute move.The workers called the strike along with the stack union members for their right of change magnitude wages and other arrears 4. Information from the website gives a thorough idea about the earlier history of jute industries in Bangladesh 5. The website bring home the bacons jute related unsandeds about Bangladeshi jute industries. It consists of the risings of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 20126. On 18 March 2012, workers threaten to go on strike, a report by Arafat Ara published in Financial express 7. governing body targets to double the labor within 2011-128.While writing on history of jute industries some authentic information were frame in the cited website 9. both(prenominal) valuable information about the history of jute industries in the Indian subcontinent were found in the website of jute industries 10. Jute Dilemma an article by Khalid Rab published in twentieth Anniversary supplement of The Daily Star risingspaper on March24, 2011 thorium that talked about the dissatis grind action of the jute domain 11. Chapter 3 Findings 3. 0. History of Jute Industries 3. 1. Jute in Ancient Time (Pre- colonial Period)Jute has been employ since ancient times in Africa and Asia to impart cordage and weaving fiber from the stem and food from the leaves. In several historic documents ( Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal in 1590) during the era of the great Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542 1605) states that the poor villagers of India utilise to wear clothes made of jute. Simple hand sulks and hand spin around wheels were used by the weavers, who used to spin cotton storys as well. History alike states that Indians, in particular Bengalis, used ropes and roll ups made of white jute from ancient times for menage and other uses.Chinese paper illuminaters from truly ancient times had selected al close to all the kinds of plants as hemp, silk, jute, cotton etc. forpapermaking. Qiu Shiyu, researcher of the Harbin Academy ofSciences and expert of Jin hist ory, concluded that Jews used to take part in the work of designing jiaozi,made of blunt jute paper. A small, act of jute paper with Chinese characters written on it has been notice in Dunhuang in Gansu Province, in northwest China. It is believed it was produced during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC220 AD). 3. 2. Colonial PeriodThe British East India Company was the British Empire Authority delegated in India from the 17th pennyury to the middle of 20th century. The political party was the basic Jute trader. The come with traded mainly in raw jute during the 19th century. During the start of the 20th century, the company started trading raw jute with Dundees Jute assiduity. This company had monopolistic access to this trade during that time. In 1793, the East India Company merchandiseinged the firstconsignment of jute. This first shipment, light speed loads, was followed by additionalshipments at irregular intervals.Eventually, a consignment found its way toDundee, Sco tland where the flax spinners were anxious to learn whether jutecould be processed mechanically. During the equivalent period, the Scotlanders were experimenting on whether jute fiber can be mechanically processed. 1830 is the yr when the flax machines were used by Dundee spinners for spinning jute yarns. Since Dundee mill was the however supplier of jute, the use of flax machine at long last led to add-on in payoff and merchandise of jute products in replete(p) continent. Margaret Donnelly I was a jute mill landowner in Dundee in the 1800s.She coiffe up the first jute mill around in India. The Entrepreneurs of the Dundee Jute labor in Scotland were called The Jute Barons. starting signal in the 1830s,the Dundeespinners learned how to spin jute yarn by modifying their power- impelled flaxmachinery. The forward motion of the jute industry in Dundee saw a corresponding increase in theproduction and export of raw jute from the Indian sub-continent which wasthe sole supplie r of this primary commodity. The major jute growing areas were mainly in Bengal at the Kolkata side. Calcutta (now Kolkata) had theraw material close by as the jute growing areas were mainly in Bengal.Therewas an rampant add together of labor, ample coal for power, and the city was specimenlysituated for deportation to world commercial messageizes. The first jute mill was accomplished atRishra, on the River Hooghly come out Calcutta in 1855 when Mr. George Auclandbrought jute spinning machinery from Dundee. Four long time later, the first powerdriven weaving factory was caboodle up. Although Bengal, particularly Eastern Bengal, was the main maker of quality raw jute, the first jute mill was schematic at Risraw near calcutta on the bank of the hughli only in 1855, after 20 years of mechanical spinning of jute in Dundee.The delay was callable to the non-availability of technical give and power to drive machines. In 1854, coal mines were assailable at Raniganj. Attracted by the easy availability of power, George Aucland, an Englishman established the first jute mill. But he could not make reasonable acquires and left the business. In 1859, the Bornee Company founded the second mill with spinning and weaving facilities. Unlike the Aucland mill, it started prospering after its organisation. figure of speech 1 Dundee Jute Mill in Scotland. The Entrepreneurs of the DundeeJute sedulousness in Scotland were called The Jute Barons. radiation diagram 2 Dundee Jute Mill in Scotland. In 1833, Jute fibre was spun mechanically in Dundee, Scotland. at bottom five years it doubled its plant size. By 1866, troika new mill about were established. Between 1868 and 1873, these mills made large profits. Five new companies started in 1874 and eight more in 1875. Thus Bengal experienced a real boom in jute industry towards the end of the nineteenth century. With the establishment of jute mills, Bengal became a major exporter of sacking bags.Calcutta appeared to be a strong antagonist of Dundee and successfully penetrated into Dundees hessian market in many parts of the world, including America, originally because Calcutta had the cost advantage in producing jute goods. Secondly, it was situated in close law of proximity to the jute growing districts of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Thirdly, it had cheap labour. Fourthly, the mills ran for 15 to 16 hours, and sometimes even for 22 hours daily. This led to a clear advantage of Calcutta manufacturers in monetary terms. more thanover, they could offer a finer quality of jute.In sixty years between 1880 and 1940, the number of mills increase by 5 times, that of looms by about 14 times, of spindles by 19 times, and of persons employed by 11 times. The proceeds of the industry was real during the 20 years between 1900 and 1920. During the great(p) Depression of 1929-33, the jute industry was severely hit since the engage for jute goods slide downd drastically end-to-end the world. In the f ollowing three decades, the jute industry in India enjoyed even moreremarkable expansion, rising to commanding leadership by 1939 with a native of68,377 looms, concentrated mainly on the River Hooghly near Calcutta.Thesemills alone have proved able to supply the world necessitate. Several historical events were obligated for the growth of the jute industry. In 1838, the Dutch organisation specified bags made of jute preferably of flax for carrying coffee from the East Indies. At that time flax was imported from Russia. But the Crimean fight of 1854-56 led to the stoppage of supply of flax from Russia and compel Dundee, the famous jute manufacturing centre of UK, to tincture for substitutes.In Dundee the flax mills were reborn into jute mills. The American Civil War (1861-65), on the other hand, gave further impetus to the jute trade, as supplies of American cotton were much restricted. Since then, the industry did not return to flax or cotton over again. The main reason fo r this stable shift had been its comparative cost advantage. The jute industry grew rapidly and jute mills were established in many countries, including USA, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Holland, Spain, Russia, Brazil and Bengal.This led to a rapid increase in the train for jute. The Bengali peasants responded quickly to converge the world study by increasing the area infra jute kitchen-gardening. The outbreak of the First humankind War led to a rapid increase in the take for raw jute, since it was used to manufacture sandbags to protect soldiers in trenches and to produce burlap bags for carrying food grain for the army. Inevitably, the p sieve of jute similarly rose sharply. Table 1 Growth of jute industry in Bengal, 1879-1939 Year Mills Looms Spindles Employment 1879-80 22 5,000 71,000 27,000 1900-01 36 16,100 331,400 114,800 1920-21 77 41,600 869,900 288,400 1938-39 110 69,000 13,70,000 299,000 Before it was honk to industrial use, jute was used mostly for home(prenominal) purposes. With the conversion of the Dundee flax mills into jute processing mills, the demand for jute increased manifold in the world. Bengali peasants were highly experienced in jute tillage and could respond quickly to roleplaying this increased demand. In 1872, when industrial use of jute had begun, it was mainly grown in the districts of pabna, bogra, darjeeling, dinajpur, rangpur and Hughli (West Bengal). The ratio of land down the stairs jute cultivation to add up cropped land in these districts in 1872 was 14%, 11%, 9%, 7%, 6% and 5% respectively.Subsequently, jute cultivation spread to other districts. In 1914, leading districts in terms of the above ratio were rangpur lime (28%,) Bogra (25%), Tippera (comilla, 24%), Pabna (21%), Dhaka (18%), Faridpur (16%), Hughli (West Bengal, 13%), Rajshahi (11%), Jessore (10%), Nadia (10%), and Dinajpur (7%). subsequently the end of the First valet War in 1918, the world demand for raw jute decreased. This had a veto impact on the area nether jute cultivation. The situation worsened for jute cultivation during the Great Depression of 1929-33. The prices sank so low that jute growing became unprofitable.As a result, peasants greatly lessen their area under jute cultivation. By 1939, sparing reco very(prenominal) took place. The time out out of the Second universe War caused an increase in the demand for jute and between 1939 and 1945 peasants put more areas under jute cultivation. The earliest goods woven of jute in Dundee were coarse baggingmaterials. Withlonger experience, however, finer fabrics called burlap, or hessian as it isknown in India, were produced. This superior cloth met a ready sale and,eventually, the Indian Jute Mills began to turn out these fabrics.The natural advantage these mills enjoyed soon gave Calcutta world leadership in burlap and bagging materials and the mills in Dundee and other countries turnedto specialties, a great variety of which were authentic. 3. 3. Post-Colonial Period After the fall of British Empire in India during 1947, it was found that all jute mills of the region fell in West Bengal, which became a part of India and all major jute growing districts became part of East Bengal, a country of Pakistan. Because it had no jute mills, East Bengal faced lines in marketing of raw jute.The problem was, however, quickly overcome by establishing jute mills in East Bengal. During that time, most of the JuteBarons started to evacuate India, release behind the industrial apparatus of the Jute Industry. Most of the jute mills in India were taken over by the Marwaris businessmen. In East Pakistan after partition in 1947 lacked a Jute Industry buthad the finest jute fiber stock. As the tension started to rise between Pakistan and India, the Pakistani felt the need to setup their own Jute Industry.Several aggroups of Pakistani families (mainly from West Pakistan) came into the jute business by setting up several jute mills inNar ayanganj of then East Pakistan, the most significant ones are Bawanis, Adamjees,Ispahanis and Dauds. 3. 4. After Nationalization After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971,most of the Pakistani owned Jute Mills were taken over by the governing corpse of Bangladesh. Pakistani mill owners (about 68% of the impart loom strength) left the country, leaving the industry in disarray. Abandoned jute mills were subject to heavy looting.The new political sympathies of Bangladesh had to take up the responsibility of rebuilding the industry. By a nationalization order, about 85% of industries, including all jute mills, were nationalized. Later, to control these Jute mils in Bangladesh, the establishment built up Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC). Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC) was create to manage and look after all the 73 jute mills having 23,836 looms at that time. At one stage the number of jute mills under the legal power of BJMC went up to 78. BJMC had to resurrect the industry from a ruined congeal.Immediately after liberation, it became very difficult to solve problem of monetary hardship of the jute industry because financial institutions were not working well. Frequent power failures and power stoppages as well as compelled the industry to suffer heavy deprivationes in terms of production and opposed exchange earnings. In addition to these problems, the short supply of spares, labor unrest, wastage in production etc. also shook the industry severely. For jute industry of Bangladesh, the first twain years after liberation was the period of shake-up.The political relation offered gold subsidy to the industry, which amounted to Tk 200 million annually. The annual cash subsidy was numberd to 100 million since 1976-77. Thanks to this policy and periodic devaluation of bills, Bangladesh could retain its position of a prime exporter of jute goods in the dollar areas of export. The industry earned profit in 1979-80, when t he subsidy was withdrawn. By December 1979, BJMC had 77 jute mills, twain rug backing mills, and two spare parts producing units. In 1980, six stoop mills were disinvested to the clandestine orbit.In June 1981, BJMC had 74 mills under its administration. These mills had about 165,000 workers and 27,000 managerial and office staff. 3. 5. Denationalization Denationalization of jute mills started in July 1982. The government ordered BJMC to complete the process by 16 December 1982, but only 10 mills could be handed over to Bangladeshi owners by that time. The valuation process and settlement of other organizational matters relating to handing over of the mills took a long time.Among the jute mills owned by BJMC, 46 had satisfactory financial performance in 1982-83, when their profit before persona to national exchequer was about Tk 240 million. The same mills incurred total losses of about Tk 430 million in the previous year. Jute mills incurred losses regularly over years and external donor agencies pressed hard for denationalization. More and more mills were put into the denationalization list. In 1999, BJMC had 33 mills. The World slang continued to work closely with the government to restructure the jute sector, especially through denationalization, merger, dissolution, closure and setting up of new units.By 1998, BJMC had an accumulated loss of more than Tk 28 billion and a debt of more than Tk 11 billion. losses incurred by BJMC in 1997-98 were Tk 2. 38 billion. major features of the BJMC mills in that year were total production content 451,707 gobs looms in operation 12,350 loom hours 59. 3 million production per loom hour 5. 33 kg baled production 312,000 haemorrhoid consumption of raw jute 319,306 scads local sales 29,000 loads export 256,000 loads honor of total sales (including export bonus) Tk 8. billion production cost per ton Tk 30,349 wages paid to workers Tk 3. 89 billion and salary paid to employees and executives Tk 881 million. 3. 6. Performance of private sector The performance of the private sector jute industry is also not encouraging. privatization itself has been a very problematic and slow process. Resistance from workers/employees of the mills and lengthy formalities forced the process to be slow. In 1998, out of forty jute mills in the private sector, three were closed and two laid off. The private sector jute mills run on a very low profile.Up to December 1999, the private sector jute mills have accumulated losses of more than Tk 12 billion. The jute spinning mills in Bangladesh export nearly 100% of their production. In 1998, there were 41 spinning mills, which had an annual production capacity of about 195,000 loads. Products of these mills are yarn and diverge, which are used the world over, for carpet weaving, wall covering, jute webbing, fabrics for shopping bags, caps, handicrafts, canvas, decorative fabrics, laminated cloth, and safety fuse for explosives.These mills employ about 25,000 people and the employers have their own trade body named Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association. 3. 7. An overall trend of production and sales 3. 7. 1. Trend of production production trend of the jute manufacturing sector can be broadly categorized into four periods first phase (1950-1970) second phase (1972-1981) third phase (1982-1990) and after part phase (1991-onward) (Figure 1). During these four phases, jute manufacturing sector had experienced various changes in policies, and also in the pattern of utilization of jute and jute goods.In the pre independence period, jute mills were owned by a small number of private entrepreneurs. During this phase, honest hessian production was 155,586 metric ton (MT) per year, of which 87 per cent was exported the comparable figures for sacking were 267,614 MT and 78 per cent respectively. Production reached its boot in 1969, with an output of 5. 74 lakh MT. Due to political instability and damages caused during the year of hammock in 1971, operations of jute mills were interrupted. Consequently, production declined in 1971 and 1972. Thereafter, production started to increase.In the second phase (1972-1981), government decided to nationalize the jute manufacturing sector, and took control of all the private sector jute mills. During the 1970s, average level of production of hessian was about 165,000 MT, of which 94 part was exported, while comparable figures for sacking were 225,460 MT and 86 portionage respectively. Growth in the production of jute goods between 1960 and 1980 can be attributed to the growth in production of hessian, sacking and carpet backing cloth ( blood profile) products. Figure 3 Production of different kinds of jute goods, 1960-2006 (Source BJMC, BJMA and BJSA)Table 2 Periodic trend of jute goods production Period Hessian Sacking CBC Yarn/Twine Up to 1970 155,586 267,614 23,929 0 (86. 9) (78. 2) (96. 7) (0. 0) 1972-80 165,033 225,458 63,578 1,953 (93. ) (86. 3) (95. 5) ( 73. 3) 1981-91 219,048 270,556 80,415 61,090 (94. 8) (83. 7) (97. 0) (69. 1) 1992-05 87,968 96,839 39,777 163,830 (99. 5) (71. 7) (89. 7) (90. ) Production of yarn/twine accounted for a small grant of total production during the 1970s. During the 1980s (third phase), the then government decided to denationalise a number of jute mills in line with the initiative of economic liberalization. A mixed trend is observed in the production of jute goods during this phase, which reached its peak in 1990 with a production of 5. 96 lakh MT. Production of yarn gradually increased in the 1980s. Most importantly, production of hessian and sacking- two major traditional products gradually declined, especially since the late 1980s. Production of CBC declined as well.In the fourth phase (1990-onward), following the suggestions of the World Bank, government started to denationalize a number of other public sector jute mills which resulted in the shutdown of many jute mills as well. However, production of jute goods has not picked up even after adoption of various policy measures. Indeed, production of traditional products such as hessian, sacking and CBC has continued to decline with the exclusion of growth in the production of yarn and twine. Yarn/twine now accounts for the major portion of jute goods and over time, its production has also been on a steady rise.During 2006, Bangladeshs circumstances in the planetary production of jute goods was approximately 18 per cent. 3. 7. 2. Trend of gross revenue Both public and private sector jute mills sell their products in either the interior(prenominal) market or the international market. Although overseas export comprised major dower of Bangladeshs jute goods production, domestic sale has been posting a rise, which now accounts for 38 per cent of the total production. Bangladesh is the leading exporter of jute goods in the world and her share in the global market is gradually increasing- which accounted for 60 pct of the global exports in 2006.If export of raw jute is taken into account, total export would reach more than 75 per cent. gibe to Bangladesh Jute Association (BJA), Bangladesh exports about 25 lakh bales of jute goods which accounted for about 56 per cent of the total raw jute grown in the country. It is worth noting here that Bangladesh and India before long meet more than 90 per cent of the global export demand for jute and jute goods to compare, this share was 79 per cent in 1970. pic Figure 4 Sales in Domestic and International market (%) 3. 8. Contribution in prudence The contribution of jute sector to economy of Bangladesh is enormous.Bangladesh holds the 2nd position as a Jute producer in the world with the average production of Jute 1. 08 m ton/Year. More than 85% of world production of Jute is cultivated in the aggroup Delta &038 having the major portion of it Bangladesh became the largest producer of Raw Jute or Jute Fiber in the world. For centuries, Bangladeshi Jute h ad and still has demand in the international market for high(prenominal) quality fibers. This fact makes Bangladesh the major exporter (80% + market share) of Jute Fiber in the world while India has nominal dominance over export of Raw Jute Fiber.Total average export earnings from jute and jute goods are US$ 611 million (60 lakh bales)/Year. fairish export value of raw jute is US$ 140 million and the numbers of factories are 187. Earnings from jute and jute product exports hit the billion dollars mark for the first time in the countrys history in 2010. Jute sector is contributing 4. 68 percent in export earning last fiscal year and two per cent increase during 2009-10. This sector has been generating employment to a large divide of total population of the country, directly and indirectly over the years. Bangladesh produces 5. -6. 0 million (55-60 lakh) bales of raw jute every year of which some 3. 2 million (32 lakh) bales are used in the existing 148 jute mills. The country exp orts 2. 4 million (24 lakh). The total demand for jute goods in the international market is 0. 75 million (7. 50 lakh) gobs. Bangladesh exports 0. 46 million (4. 60 lakh) slews of jute goods while India enjoys a share of 0. 285 million (2. 85 lakh) lashings in the international market. Dhaka controls 62 per cent share of the total jute goods market of the world and earn Taka 20. cxxv billion (2012. 5 crore) by exporting jute goods.Bangladesh is the lone exporter of raw jute. In the year 2006, the country exported 2. 4 million (24 lakh) bales of raw jute valued at Taka 9. 77 million (977 crore). In total Bangladesh fetched Taka 29. 395 billion (2939. 5 crore) by exporting raw jute and jute goods. There are 50 private jute spinning mills producing jute yarn/twine under Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association (BJSA). The mills under jute spinning sector produce 0. 29 million (2. 90 lakh) heaps of jute yarn/twine and export 0. 261 million (2. 61 lakh) m. tons of quality yarn/twine cons uming 1. 9 illion (19 lakh) bales of high quality raw jute and earn foreign exchange worth Taka 12 million (1200 crore) per annum. 3. 9. fall in Situations It has been recognized that Jute and Allied fibers occupy a unique position as eco-friendly, bio degradable, renewable natural fiber. We should also understand that Jute sector of Bangladesh has made and continues to make significant contribution to the national economy. Apart from its versatile use from domestic area to industry, it protects environment from different ways. All the export earnings from the Jute Industry vis-a-vis Jute sector are net foreign currency earnings.Domestic value additions are exceptionally high. So, a viable Jute Industry would be an ideal type of activity for the economic development of the country. We should always consider that Jute Industry is indigenous one. Jute, of the best quality in the world, is available in Bangladesh. It is one of the few natural resources that the country has and it has give upd Bangladesh with a comparative edge in the world trade in jute goods. But, over the former(prenominal) decade, the jute industry has suffered more downs than ups for no fault of its own.It has been allowed to suffer gradual decline mainly callable to lack of appropriate policy actions. Jute industry in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) was established as export oriented industry with the aim of rapid industrialization. It became the major source of foreign currency earnings. The industry was made viable and unplowed expanding with the Govt. financial assistance on export of jute goods through bonus voucher. After liberation of the country in 1971 and nationalization of the Industry in 1972, such financial assistance to Jute Industry was withdrawn and the Industry started incurring losses.On the other hand, the newly established BJMC had to concentrate mainly on rehabilitation of the war torn Jute Industry and expand the world export market share which was taken by the competitors during war of liberation. At the initial stage Bangladesh Jute Industry i. e. BJMC had to face serious problems to recover the lost market. By the untiring efforts to break the management, production and export, the Industry i. e. BJMC started achieving positive results from 1973-74 with the production of 500 k tons and export of 445 kB tons from 320 potassium tons and 225 k tons respectively of 1971-72.With help of pie chart the result can be shown in the following. pic Figure 5 Bangladesh merchandise in Major Products during 1972-73 In 1977-78 BJMC could achieve an export of 531 thousand tons, mainly traditional products (hession, sacking &038 CBC) against the previous highest export of 506 thousand tons in 1969-70. In 1980-81 Jute Industry could achieve highest production of 590 thousand tons exceeding the production of 1969-70. In 1981-82, the Jute Industry again could break the export record of 1969-70, exporting around 537 thousand tons against production of 586 thousand tons.Large scale denationalization started in 1982-83. But, private sector jute mills could not perform the way it was expected for many reasons. As a result, performance of the overall Jute industry started deteriorating gradually from 570 thousand tons (production) and 514 thousand tons (export) in 1982-83 to 286 thousand tons (production) and 192 thousand tons (export) in 2003-04. It is seen in the figure below more clearly. pic Figure 6 Bangladesh Export in Major Products during 1993-94 During Eighties the new jute yarn/twine mills came into the picture and expanded gradually.It could increase export of yarn/twine from 28 thousand tons in 1983-84 to around 380 thousand tons in 2009-10. The gradual increase in the production and export of yarn/twine could help increase of overall export of Jute products to nearly 600 thousand tons with the share of only around 200 thousand tons of traditional products i. e. Hessian, sacking &038 CBC. It may be seen from the figures g iven below that production and export of BJMC and BJMA mills (mainly traditional products) save gradual decline over the years. Table 3 Productions and Export of BJMA and BJMC Mills Year Production Export 1981-82 587 thousand tons 537 thousand tons 1991-92 416 thousand tons 408 thousand tons 2001-02 321 thousand tons 257 thousand tons 2009-10 302 thousand tons 219thousand tons Position in current financial year is also not encouraging in BJMC &038 BJMA mills as may be seen from the table (6months/ July-Dec10) below. Table 4 Production and Export of BJMC &038 BJMA Mills during July-Dec10 Types of Mills Production Export BJMC 78 thousand tons 56 thousand tons BJMA 60 thousand tons 37 thousand tons Total 138 thousand tons 93 thousand tons However, the production and export of yarn/twine mills mainly under BJSA (Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association) recorded increase gradually from 50 thousand tons and 28 thousand tons in 1983-84 to 399 thousand tons and 380 thousand tons in 2 009-10 respectively. It may be maintained during this financial year also on the basis of its production and export of 227 thousand tons and 193 thousand tons of July-Dec10.Table given below on the comparative position in production of traditional products reveal that while Bangladesh jute industry is sinking, Indian jute industry is booming. Table 5 Comparative Position of Bangladesh &038 India in Production of handed-down Products Years Bangladesh India 1999-2000 3. 10 lac tons 12. 45 lac tons 2005-2006 2. 43 lac tons 13. 42 lac tons 2009-2010 2. 54 lac tons 14. 50 lac tons The present govt. has taken some positive steps to revitalize the Jute Industry, particularly BJMC mills. But, piece meal action forget not serve the purpose because, production and export of traditional products, both in BJMC and BJMA (private) mills recorded gradual decline to a frustrating level over the years. A recently-created demand for jute sacks in Thailand has come as a boon for the jute industr y in Bangladesh, raising hopes for a recovery in exports that fell 13 percent during July-February of the current fiscal year. Also, India has recently increased import of jute and jute goods after its currency started to gain against the US dollar.According to MD Shamsul Haque, director (marketing) of state-owned Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation that has 21 jute mills running, Exports of jute goods to our traditional middle-eastern and African markets have fallen amid political unrest in Libya, Syria, Iraq and other countries. But our exports increased in the last three months as we got some new markets, Thailand have emerged as a new market for our jute sacks along with Vietnam. The market in Thailand has widened after the current Thai-government started buy a huge quantity of rice in jute sacks to fulfill its self-confidence of providing a guaranteed price to farmers. Bangladesh has received orders for proviso two crore (20 million) pieces of jute sacks from millers in Thail and. Thailand has opened up a new opportunity for Bangladesh. It has come as a blessing as Bangladeshs stocks were piling up due to a fall in exports.Private jute mills will also be benefited due to the decision of Thailand, which is the largest exporter of rice and forecasts to produce 30 million tons of rice in 2011-12. Thailand needs three million pieces of bags a month to parcel rice which means around 36 million pieces of sacks will be required a year. According to Mahmudul Haque, managing director of Janata Jute Mills Ltd, Demand for jute sacks is high in Thailand. He said, as his mill alone could not meet the orders, he tied up with two other mills. Janata ships 3. 2 lakh pieces of jute sacks a month to Thailand, he said. Exporters said the increased demand and higher prices of jute goods will allow them to narrow down the losses in export receipts in the first half of the year.But it may not be possible to offset the past fall and post a positive growth in exports by the e nd of the fiscal year on June 30, 2012. Export receipts from the jute industry- the second biggest export earner- fell 13. 66 percent to $615 million in the July-February period of the current fiscal year, from $712 million during the same period last year, according to Export Promotion Bureau. In the following figure, workers carry bundles of jute sacks at a factory in Bogra as, Thailand and Vietnam have emerged as new markets for jute sacks. pic Figure 6 Workers carry bundles of jute sacks at a factory in Bogra (source STAR magazine, March 27, 2012).Total figures are not available readily, it reveals from some of the available figures that export of BJMC in the major importing regions e. g. Australia, America, Middle East, Europe, Africa recorded sharp decline in recent years mainly because of decline in production and absence of effective marketing efforts. Present situation of the industry calls for immediate measures/actions in the following areas ? The new challenges and oppor tunities presented by the ever-changing global environment of integration in the development of natural fibers ? train the jute industry to correct efficiency in production and processing to reduce cost and enhance product quality.With the rise of inescapable competition set about our jute sector, in the international field it should be our endeavor to facilitate upgrading the skills of the Workers, Supervisors and managerial staff who are employed in the Jute Industry. ? Involve and ensure the active co-operation and partnership of Corporation, Financial Institutions, Energy supplying Agencies and Entrepreneurs in the fulfillment of these objectives. ? ability shortage should be reduced either by power supplying agencies or by setting up generators (gas or diesel) in such mills where it is required. ? The efforts need to be put with all earnestness to loan the efficiency level to at least 80%. ? So far management at the mill level is concerned it should be linked to productivi ty and efficiency. Enable the jute industry to build world class state of the art manufacturing capabilities in conformity with environmental standards, and for this purpose, to encourage Foreign Direct investiture as well as research and development in the sector. ? ravening marketing measures need to be undertaken internationally. Markets like Africa and Middle East should be given top priority to recover the lost market. 3. 10. Major drawbacks Major problems of the jute mills are as follows Increase in the cost of production while the sales prices of jute goods remain at the same level or even decline Accumulation of huge losses and consequently, of huge debts spurn in exports of jute goods Electricity failures Excessive wastage Labor unrest Poor management that affects productivity and frequent changes in government policies High cost of jute goods compared to synthetics led jute goods users to turn to synthetics. Concluding Remarks Before the independence, the countr y had six jute yarn mills. However, this sector had flourished during the 80s as the industry experienced a setback in the developed countries during the same period. The entrepreneurs of the country bought these second-hand jute mills machineries with a very low investment and started setting up these jute spinning mills. Two types of opinion exist in Bangladesh over the management of existing mills under BJMC. One group is in favor of privatization of the xisting state owned jute mills, where another group advocates reorganization/restructuring of BJMC mills. The mills under Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation are exporting 0. 128 million (1. 28 lakh) m. tons of jute goods i. e. Hessian, Sacking and CBC. Mismanagement, corruption, inefficiency and lack of experienced manpower have gripped the BJMC mills. The mills should be run professionally to remain competitive in the open market but that are not practiced in case of BJMC, which is causing hundreds of millions of taka losses to the national exchequer. Time has come to put pragmatic/realistic thought on the jute sector to revive this burnished sector. The government should devise plans to bring back the glory of the golden fibre.The demand for environmental friendly jute products are on the rise in the global market and Bangladesh should tap this opportunity by implementing some short-, mid- and long-term plans to restitute the ailing jute sector of Bangladesh. At present it is useless to be desirous about old prime era of our jute industry. Now we must word a pragmatic short, mid and long-term plan keeping in mind about future needs of jute goods demand. Instead of remembering past mistakes, we must take lessons out of that and look forward with practical solutions which will bring back viability to our ailing Jute sector. This should be our only prime object. Recommendations round recommendations are prescribed below to be considered by the government in the greater interest of the jute sector To rev ive the glory of the jute industry, a dynamic committee should be constituted comprising the Finance Secretary under the military commission of the Chief Adviser. The government should implement some short-, mid- and long-term proposals in a bid to revive the jute sector. The exiting jute mills of the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation should be converted into public limited companies keeping some shares in the hands of the government like that of the Bangladesh Biman. The government may create a Regulatory climb on to run its existing corporations professionally and efficiently. The Regulatory Body will superintend every unit of the corporation and ensure their accountability. The government should arrange a special fund to upgrade its existing jute mills to purchase necessary spares for machineries. under this package the government will provide 50 per cent of the total credit as grants and banks will give rest 50 percent on a long-term credit to jute mills. Irregular power supply is adversely affecting production of existing jute mills by pillow slip their competitiveness. The government may ask donor agencies like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to arrange a special fund to provide long term loans at 3. 00 per cent interest to the existing jute mills to help them to procure stand-by generators. The use of stand by generators by the jute mills will help to save electricity at our national grid. Government is giving 7. 5 per cent cash incentives on jute goods exports. To expand the market and increase competitiveness, the rate of cash incentives should be raised to 15 per cent from present rate. The government should enact a law making compulsory or compulsory to use of jute bags for internal consumption in packaging. To meet requirement of local markets, an initiative is necessary to pack sugar, rice and twinkling in 5-10 K. G. jute bags. The use of jute goods in the local market is limited. To increase the use, the gover nment should also make law to use compulsory at least 20 per cent of total sugar and cement packaging with jute bags. The jute industries organism an agro based and 100% export-oriented industry, the commercial banks are not implementing the Bangladesh Banks order to provide export credit at lower interest rate (7%), commercial banks should provide Export Cash Credit to jute mills which they give to the trounce sector. Crisis of quality jute seeded player is a regular phenomenon in the country every year. The total requirement of jute seeds are 4,000/5,000 tons against government supply of only 400-500 tons. To meet local demand, sub-standard Indian seeds enter the Bangladesh market through imports and smuggling. To improve the situation and ensure quality seeds, the government should set up seed bank to distribute seeds among planters at subsidized rate. Government should also arrange to provide fertilizer at subsidized rate. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) should als o take appropriate measures to familiarize their new invention retting process among the farmers. Lack of skilled manpower has put the industries in grave situation. To overcome the situation at least a jute college may be arranged to set up at one of the closed BJMC jute mills. To address this situation promptly, government should break Diploma Course on jute in the six textile institutes as early as these are under the ministry of textile and jute. The significance of Mongla appearance has increased as several hundred industrial units have been set in the southern part of the country recently. The government should initiate necessary steps to expand and develop the Mongla Port. The government should also take measures to incite and expand international trade of jute products by maintaining existing markets and by developing of new end users. References 1. http//cpd. org. bd/pub_attach/op78. pdf 2. http//www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/more. php? news_id=14562 3. http//www. b usiness-standard. com/india/news/jute-industry-seeks-banimportsbangladesh/381205 4. http//www. stoppressbd. com/home/news_details/66948 5. http//www. banglapedia. rg/httpdocs/HT/J_0137. HTM 6. http//www. worldjute. com/jute_bangladesh/bangladesh_jute_news. html 7. http//www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/more. php? news_id=123813&038date=2012-03-18 8. www. theindependentbd. com/business/ pay/30375-govt-targets-to-double-jute-production-in-2011-12. html 9. http//www. worldjute. com/about_jute/juthist. html 10. www. jute-industry. com/history-of-jute. html 11. http//www. thedailystar. net/suppliments/2011/anniversary/part4/pg7. htm 12. http//www. bangladeshembassyinitaly. com/bangladesh. php 13. http//www. experiencebangladesh. com/bangladesh-business-jute. php 14. http//bangladesheconomy. wordpress. com/category/jute/