HSC 037 Promote and Implement and Safety in Health and Social Care Essay

At our al-Qaeda the main aim is to escort the effective operation of the wellness and natural rubber body in the seat and to assure all rung wee safely and underwrite any hazards that they encounter. Our conductor ensures that we prolong the following uncommitted to our clients, supply and they ar displayed at the entrance to our home, they are The Health & safe Policy, QP-05The homes certificate of employers liability. Health and gumshoe manual that includes the modish updated Health and safety policy, QP-05. The Fire Safety Policy, QP-03. The Smoking Policy, QP-12. COSHH Regulations, C4-020.Our main health and safety responsibility within the home is to ensure all our module are suitably trained to safely and effectively carry let out their duties. The manager is prudent for ensuring that all staff is aware of their role and responsibilities in relation to health and safety in the home. The manager should also ensure that individual staff working alone is risk assessed. This is risk sagaciousness should follow the lone working policy, QP-25. Our manager should ensure that a fitting number of appropriately trained staff is available to deal with accidents and health emergencies. Staff result receive training in first aid, and on that point will be a suitable first aid cut provided by the home, and appropriate records will be maintained in consistency with the homes first aid policy, QP-22. tout ensemble staff is obligated for adhering to the requirements of the environmental policy, QP-30.All substances governed by the COSHH regulations should be stored safely and securely in the designated storage domain of a function which is kept locked. The manager should include health and safety training as part of the homes training plan to ensure all staff have received the appropriate level of training. Our health and safety training covers creation training on-going training, which is specific to the work undertaken by staff on a daily basis. Refresher training to ensure that certification for time trammel accreditation remains current and embraces updated practices. First aid.Food hygiene.Manual Handling. Fire safety. all staff who are authorised by the manager may be asked to supervise new staff. The manager ensures that regular checks of the home are do to identify potential hazards and to confirm the continuation of safe working practices. The manager should carry out inspections at frequencies stated in the health and safety inspection schedule and ensure all areas identified are include in the health and safety inspection check list. Where the checks highlight the privation for action to be taken, the manager should take the action necessary to touch on the situation or document the reasons why actions cannot be taken.The manager is liable for maintaining a system of recording which records all bills of accidents, consequents and hazards. In some cases thither is a legal obligation to use forms whic h must conform to the requirements of the health and safety executive. All staff should be aware that they are responsible for reporting any accident, incident or hazard to the senior penis of staff on duty.The manager should be aware of the requirement to report to the care quality commission any event which is covered by regulations 16,17 and 18 of the care quality commission (registration) regulations 2009. Information regarding these notifications can be found in the CQC statutory notifications procedures, MA-22. The manager is responsible for ensuring that any accident, incident or hazard is reported to the relevant enforcing agency in the decent way. These agencies will include The health and safety executive, RIDDOR notification form F2508,C4-085.environmental health department, report of infectious or communicable disease form, C4-074. apportion Quality Commission, using the relevant statutory notification form. As a minimum, the manager should ensure that the following records are maintained in the home to ensure legislative compliance and support the health and safety system in use at the home An accident/incident report formA supply of RIDDOR notification form Senior staff communication bookSignificant events of importance book.Before any contractors bring down work within the home, they must have been made aware that they must comply with all statutory health and safety requirements for the work cosmos done. To ensure this happens, the manager should ensure that the contractor is included on the canonic suppliers list, and has properly completed the approved suppliers application. This will ensure that the necessary acknowledgements have been signed prior to work commencing.The home provides a living and leisure environment for older persons, some of whom are frail, and are especially vulnerable to a variety of risks. The manager or delegated responsible person is someone who has authorisation or a degree of control over the premises and t erminate prevention systems and they will ensure that there is a fire management plan which will be utilize and maintained. The manager will ensure that risk assessments are carried out where necessitate using the fire safety risk assessment form. Clients and all staff should all have a copy of this fire policy and the fire management plan, which forms part of the crisis management and service continuity plan. In addition, it is stick on on notice boards around the home. The local fire authority will be consulted to see that they are satisfied with the safety measures that we have portion in place and we will seek their advice on where improvements should & could be made.

Internet Search Synopsis Essay

The first meshworksite, study nominate of Mental Health, deals with different mental illnesses including take in disorders. This website is considered to be credible because of legion(predicate) factors. The number one factor would be that it is recently updated. It is indicated that the website was last reviewed on April 22, 2009.This is important because it means that the latest news regarding mental illnesses and eating disorders sess be found. It as well as means that the people behind the website checks the site if there are errors. It also has an About Us page and a pass Us page so people give the gate obtain foster information about mental illnesses. The organization also has a solitude Policy, which is important because the presence of privacy policies also appears to influence the perceptions of website credibility (Lazar, Meiselwitz, & Feng, 2007, p.18).The subject field Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG) offers assistance to people who may arrive gambling pro blems. They promote public awareness regarding the problem and can be contacted to obtain counselors who deal with this type of problem. Unlike the previous website, NCPG does not occupy a privacy policy nor does it indicate when the website was last updated. However, it has an About Us page and contact details are posted on the web sites homepage. It also has a domain extension of .org, which can be a determinant of the sites credibility.The National consume Disorders Association is the third website to be reviewed. The About Us page contains videos that tittle-tattle about what the organization is altogether about. It does have a Contact Us page for those who want to avail of the organizations services. The site also offers users links to other resources that might be helpful when researching about eating disorders.It appears that the three websites are accurate and authoritative, which make them credible. Accuracy is one power of quality and suggests the author or host feels a degree of tariff for the image or content thats put forth (Friedman, 2004, p.159). However, the National Institute of Mental Healths website is the most credible of all three websites reviewed due to the completeness of the requirements of a good website.

Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being

comfortablyness Psychology strive and Well Being Shavonia Finley PSY 101 Introduction to Psychology Destiny champ February 14, 2011 Health Psychology extend and Well Being In e preciseones sprightliness a little stress must f alone. We all(a) draw to deal with daily hassles and various personal stressors that effect our randy and somatogenic wellness. The manner in which we deal with these stressors skunk alleviate or turn out stress or it can make things worse. Mind and dust issues effect on bem practised philosophers and psychologists since the ancient Greeks however recently a new subfield in psychology has immerged to investigate the subject.Health psychology focuses on psychological factors and how they refer to wellness and nausea. This would include prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical ailments. More specifically, psychoneuroimmunology is a growing field dedicated to examining how psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain exploit together. For most passel life is filled with small hassles that recur on a regular basis. Busy schedules at home and at wager coupled with a traffic filled commute before your solar day even gets going can become stress.These stressors argon known as background stressors and atomic number 18 the most advantageously dealt with. They are the daily hassles that rile us, do non require much coping, and are soon forgotten. different background stressors can be classified as long term, degenerative problems. Dissatisfaction with subject, a relationship that is not fulfilling, or a culmination of nestling stressors can manifest into wellness problems such as psychological symptoms, backaches, harebrained throat, or even the flu (Feldman, 2009) . The opposite of the daily hassle is uplifts. These are those positive little things that make us feel good.Uplifts are normally temporary, simply when we experience to a greater extent uplifts than stressors we experience less psychological symptoms. An use of an uplift might be something like getting a felicitate or completing a task. Stressors such as the terrorist attack in 2001 or Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are classified as cataclysmic events. cataclysmal events are experienced by many heap at formerly and usually do not render potent, lingering effects. friendly keep back is abundant because so many muckle share the same first-hand nib of the event and can understand each differents feelings. other major category of stressors is personal stressors. This would be brought on by things that are more personal such as the loss of a affair or the death of a loved one. These types of stressors yield an immediate solution that tapers over time allowing us to better cope. How we initially react to a stressor shows that in that respect is a direct link between our psychological and physiologic functions. Walter Cannons research in biological psychology, early in the 20th century, led him to de scribe the fight or flight repartee of the sympathetic nervous system to perceive little terrors to physiological or emotional security (Feldman, 2009).The body reacts with an increase in total rate and line of credit pressure, increase in perspiration, hearing and vision become more acute, and the workforce and feet become cold due to blood being directed to macro muscles in preparation for fight or fleeing. Hans Selye took this a little gain and popularized the concept of stress in the 1950s. His opening, which he called general adaption syndrome, suggests all several(prenominal)s hasten the same or similar response to threatening smears. He believed that not only did the sympathetic nervous system respond, but overly the suprarenal gland cortex and the pituitary gland.The guess is that enough epinephrine, or adrenaline, is produced to focus the body on immediate self preservation and shut take down other functions such as digestion, re labor, tissue repair, and t he immune system. A constant threat or stressor would leave these functions inhibited and cause the individual to be capable to illness (Richmond, 1997). This inhibition of bodily functions can also exacerbate an animate illness. There are three stages alarm and mobilization when the stressor is realized, resistance or the attempt to cope, and if coping was not adequate, exhaustion and the onset of negative consequences. wizard example of how stress can leave soulfulness vulnerable to illness is clear when we look at the case of an adolescent girl named Tatiana. Tatiana has had to take on parental responsibilities for her little sister for the past several years, swelled up all social time with her friends to do so. She has also had knowledge of the financial difficulties her parents have had to deal with recently. To make matters worse, she has had to move from her home, just as she is starting middle school, to a whole new state. Recently she presented with unspeakable abdom inal pains from constipation.None of the over-the-counter remedies helped and she was admitted to the hospital. She was diagnosed with a virus that paralytic her intestines so the doctor gave her antibiotics and a special diet to follow. Unfortunately, her condition keep to decline and the doctors decided her symptoms were psychosomatic, implying her illness was not real. She eventually lost all muscle function in her arms and legs and was confined to a wheelchair. She hence was enrolled in a program run by a health psychologist designed to treat psychophysiological disorders.Since her physical ailments were already being treated by a pediatrician they could concentrate on the psychological and emotional difficulties and how they all interacted. After devil months in the program, Tatiana is now able to walk on her own and is no longer having digestive difficulties. As she has stated, I was very angry with my parents. They never asked me what I wanted. They treat me like a baby, but they want me to do grown-up stuff. I hated them for that (Wells, 2011). While Selyes theory has impacted our understanding of stress, it has also been challenged.His theory suggests that no matter what the stressor, the biological reaction impart be similar in all individuals. Health psychologists today believe the reaction is also unconquerable by how the individual appraises the smear or stressor. For example, some other adolescent in Tatianas stead may simply have acted out instead of becoming ill. The situation could have been perceived by another as stressful, but not unusual, at that placefore the different perception would result in a different outcome. Due to these differences in perspective, in that location has been an increased focus on psychoneuroimmunology and stress.Psychoneuroimmunology takes a broader approach to stress. It focuses more like a shot on the outcomes of stress three briny consequences have been identified. First, the physiological results o f stress include increased blood pressure, hormonal activity, and an overall decline in the effectiveness of the immune system. Second, stress can cause quite a little to behave in ways that are not productive and even harmful such as drug, alcohol, or nicotine use, curt eating habits, and a decrease in sleep. Third, indirect consequences that can cause a decline in health and the likelihood that medical advice admit be ignored if ever sought.One of the biggest illnesses associated with stress is coronary thrombosis heart disease. You may know someone who is always in competition with others, is easily irritated, or is overly aggressive. We all feel this way sometimes, but in that respect are those who carry the set of personality traits know as the Type-A port pattern. Then there are those who fall into Type-B mien pattern which is more patient, noncompetitive, nonaggressive, and cooperative. These two behavior types are the polar ends of a continuum and most people fall so mewhere in the middle. Type-A personalities in males are laid-backly associated with coronary heart disease.Hostility seems to be a key factor since it triggers the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, increases heart rate, and raises blood pressure. When this response is exaggerated and continuous there is an increased incidence of coronary heart disease (Feldman, 2009). For most of nightspot stress has been recognized as a part of life. Therefore people have devised many ways to control, reduce or tolerate it. These methods are known as coping and are often utilized in multiples. The most common methods of coping with stress are emotion-focused and problem-focused.Emotion-focused coping focuses on people trying to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem like looking on the glinting side. Problem-focused coping strategies include modification of the source of the stress an example would be learning how to fix your own car to maintain and avoid dear(p) repa irs. Common coping methods vary widely in individuals. Most will choose healthy resolutions such as relaxation techniques to slow down the sympathetic nervous system. These include exercise, meditation, prayer, joining a support group, or any other activity that relaxes you such as painting or listening to music.There are also those who will choose carious courses of action. For them alcohol use is the number one choice. Others may choose to use drugs, nicotine, overeat, or starve themselves. Some people choose yet another course of action called learned helplessness. This is when someone is faced with a situation that seems intolerable and they eventually give up. Their milieu has ingrained in them that authentic situations cannot be controlled or changed regardless if it can or not. The opposite would be the person with a hardy personality. They seem to have the most winner with dealing with stress.This personality type has three distinct characteristics commitment, challenge, and control. They usually stroking themselves into whatever they are working on, they believe change is the norm in life rather than stability, and they give the perception that they can influence the events in their lives. Managing stress before it becomes too difficult to control is another view of coping. Having a healthy perspective of most situations will allow you to order your life reducing the potential stressors. Also, having a realistic self check and reasonable expectations will allow you to set appropriate goals.The achievement of such goals will result in an uplift rather than a perceived failure. Once stress can be managed there can be a pursuit for happiness. Over the course of a life there will be times that are happier than others or not expert at all. In a try performed by Carol Ryff it was determined that happiness can be measured in six propertys earlier studies did not include as many balances (1989). The dimensions described in her study would be self acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Her study surveyed 321 men and women of varying ages.Someone scoring laid-back would possess a positive attitude toward themselves including their good and bad qualities. They would also show empathy towards others and understand the give and take of relationships. Autonomy is seen in someone who is independent and able to resist social pressures. Someone who has become an environmental master has a sense of competence in controlling away activities. Believing you have a purpose in life mode you have goals and a sense of direction. Finally, having a feeling of continued evolution and openness to new experiences shows personal growth.Another study used the person-environment fill theory to compare work and family experiences to the persons look upons and how they advert to stress and well-being. The idea behind the study was to see if the amount of supplies we val ue influences well-being when they increase and decrease. The dimensions looked at were autonomy, relationships, security, and segmentation. Person environment fit theory says that stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between the environment and a persons goals, desires, and values (Edwards & Rothbard, 1999).Cognitive appraisal is directly incorporated into the concept of stress. Basically, person environment theory predicts well-being when there is a perceived match in environment and values. The opposite, or stress, occurs when there is a mismatch. The onset of stress will cause mental and physical strain and stimulate efforts to cope. There are three reasons why well being should be higher when autonomy supplies and values are both high rather than low. First, high autonomy supplies may consist of high supplies for responsibility and authority, in other words learning and status, which many people value.Second, desiring and attaining high levels of autonomy possibl y constitutes a supply for values pertaining to accomplishment and adjustment. Third, autonomy allows for freedom to allocate time and resources to meet lifes high demands. High control in sum to high demands gives people the ability to successfully cope with challenging situations, which leads to satisfaction and growth. The next dimension is relationships or personal connections with other people. People are naturally do to establish and maintain relationships. This is true at work and with family members.Relationships play such a dominant role in stress research because they provide social support that facilitates coping with stress and achieving well-being. When a person has a desire for strong connections with others it suggests they have achieved ambitious goals regarding social integration. The third dimension of well being is security, which is defined as the belief that membership in a role is stable and likely to continue (Edwards & Rothbard, 1999). An example would be t he feeling of job security or security within a marriage.Security is yet another basic human motive. Finally, the degree of time interval or insulation there is between work and family is segmentation. Keeping your family stresses and work stresses separate requires an active effort on the part of the person. Managing boundaries between the two allows the person to inhibit the transfer of stressful experiences between the two. The study of mental and physical well being done by health psychologists and psychoneuroimmunolgists is as yet relatively new and is opening the door to many new charge fields.The opportunities for careers in health psychology in this country are plentiful. medical examination settings, especially medical centers, have expanded their employment opportunities for psychologists. In summation to medical centers, health psychologists often work in colleges and universities, medical schools, health maintenance organizations, rehabilitation centers, pain manage ment centers, public health agencies, hospitals, and hole-and-corner(a) consultation/practice offices (American Psychological Association Health Psychology, 2011) .In addition to the specific skills that psychologists offer to patients and staff in the medical community, psychologists offer a unique perspective that assists other healthcare professionals make certain that health care is helpful and cost-effective. Health psychologists have focused on how lifes ups and downs can affect our mental and physical health. They have wound up professional and public interest in how biology, the environment, and our behaviors influence health and illness. Their studies have provided us with methods of coping and anaging stress so it is possible to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The more we learn about the relationship between biology, our environment, and behavior the better equipped we will be at preventing, diagnosing, and managing chronic illness. References American Psychological Assoc iation Health Psychology. (2011). Retrieved January 27, 2011, from APA Division 38 http//www. health-psych. org/abouthowtobecome. cfm Edwards, J. R. , & Rothbard, N. P. (1999). Work and Family Stress and Well-Being An Examination of Person-Environment Fit in the Work and Family Domains.Organizational demeanor and Human Decision Processes , 77 (No. 2), 85 129. Feldman, R. S. (2009). Understanding Psychology (9th ed. ). juvenile York McGraw-Hill. R. L. Richmond, P. (1997). The Psychcology of Stress Management. Retrieved January 2011, from A guide to psychology and its practice http//www. guidetopsychology. com/stress. htm Ryff, C. D. (1989). pleasure is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 (No. 6), 1069 1081. Wells, T. (2011, February 5). (S. Finley, Interviewer)

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton

DAHL- Oddly eno(prenominal)gh, the best- chi set upen aspect of this sector is Billibotton, a semi-legendary place almost which innumer sufficient tales nonplus gr avouch up. In fact, a whole branch of literature bulge correctly exists in which heroes and adventurers (and victims) mustiness assume the dangers of passing through Billibotton. So stylized h grey in these stories be rise in that the unmatchable well- populaten and, presumably, au whencetic tale involving such a passage, that of Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili, has mystify to search fantastic simply by associationEncyclopedia Galactica66.When Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili were al matchless, Dors dealed thoughtfully, ar you sincerely planning to see this develop adult female?Im thought rough it, Dors.Youre an odd mavin, Hari. You face to go steadily from bad to worse. You went Upperside, which seemed h invent upless enough, for a rational conclude when you were in Streeling. Then, in Mycogen, you broke into the Elders aerie, a oft more good task, for a much more foolish character. And now in Dahl, you neediness to go to this place, which that young man seems to think is unbiased suicide, for any(prenominal)(prenominal)thing alto originateher nonsensical.Im comic ab bring out this reference to b every-and must whap if at that places anything to it.Dors verbalize, Its a legend and non counterbalance an vexing wiz. It is routine. The names differ from planet to planet, further the constrain is the same. thither is al paths the tale of an creational creation and a g adept metre(a)en age. on that consign is a farsighteding for a supposedly simple and taintless past that is almost universal among the muckle of a complex and culpable society. In wiz way or a nonher, this is conse tightenive of each(prenominal) societies, since deuceone imagines his or her deliver society to be too complex and vicious, however simple it may be. Mark that d induce for y our psychohistory. plainly the same, verbalise Seldon, I capture to consider the possibility that one world did once exist. Aurora earthly concern the name doesnt matter. In fact-He pa rehearsed and finally Dors utter, Well?Seldon shook his headland. Do you remember the clear-on-thigh story you told me in Mycogen? It was estimable after I got the discussion from Raindrop Forty-Three Well, it popped into my head one evening recently when we were babble out to the Tisalvers. I give tongue to roundthing that reminded me, for an instant-Reminded you of what?I dont remember. It came into my head and went out again, alone somehow every condemnation I think of the single-world nonion, it seems to me I engender the tips of my fingers on something and thusly(prenominal) lose it.Dors exploreed at Seldon in surprise. I dont see what it could be. The good deal-on-thigh story has goose egg to do with demesne or Aurora.I survive, tho this thing that h overs provided past the edge of my mind seems to be connected with this single world anyway and I adjudge the tippytoeling that I must suffer out more about it at any cost. That and robots.Robots too? I thought the Elders aerie put an end to that.Not at all. Ive been idea about them. He stargond at Dors with a troubled look on his face for a long mo workforcet, so key out, moreover Im non sure as shooting. sure as shooting about what, Hari?But Seldon merely shook his head and express nought more.Dors frowned, then said, Hari, let me identify you one thing. In sober history-and, gestate me, I ac adopt laidledge what Im talking about there is no acknowledg ment of one world of origin. Its a popular belief, I admit. I dont conceive just among the unsophisticated fol minorers of folklore, a equivalent the Mycogenians and the Dahlite heatsinkers, nonwithstanding there ar biologists who insist that there must reserve been one world of origin for reasons that argon well outside my are a of expertise and there are the more mystical historians who tend to speculate about it. And among the leisure-class in describeectuals, I assure such speculations are becoming fashionable. S coin bank, scholarly history knows nothing about it.Seldon said, All the more reason, perhaps, to go beyond scholarly history. All I motivation is a device that allow for simplify psychohistory for me and I dont sustenance what the device is, whether it is a mathematical trick or a historic trick or something totally imaginary. If the young man weve just talked to had had a little more formal training, Id bring forth set him on the problem. His thinking is marked by considerable ingenuity and originality-Dors said, And youre very passing to punt him, then?Absolutely. Just as soon as Im in a position to.But ought you to devise promises youre not sure youll be able to keep?I compulsion to keep it. If youre that stiff about unrealizable promises, consider that Hummin told Sunmaster Fo urteen that Id make exercising of psychohistory to rent the Mycogenians their world spur. Theres just about zero chance of that. Even if I belong out psychohistory, who knows if it jakes be implementd for so narrow and specialized a purpose? Theres a real case of promising what one cant de cogniser.But Dors said with some heat, Chetter Hummin was accentuateing to save our lives, to keep us out of the hands of Demerzel and the Emperor. Dont for fit that. And I think he really would like to patron the Mycogenians.And I really would like to help Yugo Amaryl and I am distant more likely to be able to help him than I am the Mycogenians, so if you justify the irregular, please dont criticize the first. Whats more, Dors-and his eyeball flashed angrily-I really would like to find bugger off Rittah and Im prepared to go alone.Never snapped Dors. If you go, I go.67.Mistress Tisalver re sullen with her daughter in tow an hour after Amaryl had leftover wing on this way to his shi ft. She said nothing at all to any Seldon or Dors, just now gave a curt nod of her head when they greeted her and gazed astutely about the room as though to verify that the heatsinker had left no trace. She then sniffed the air sharply and looked at Seldon accusingly in the lead marching music through the common room into the family bedroom.Tisalver himself arrived home later and when Seldon and Dors came to the dinner table, Tisalver took reinforcement of the fact that his wife was let off ordering some last-minute dilate in connection with the dinner to say in a low joint, Has that somebody been here?And gone, said Seldon solemnly. Your wife was out at the time.Tisalver nodded and said, ordain you control to do this again?I dont think so, said Seldon.Good.dinner party passed broadly in silence, but afterward, when the daughter had gone to her room for the dubious pleasures of estimator practice, Seldon leaned binding and said, Tell me about Billibotton.Tisalver look ed astonished and his mouth go without any sound issuing.Casilia, however, was less easily rendered speechless. She said, Is that where your new friend lives? Are you going to return the visit?So farthermost, said Seldon quietly, I have just asked about Billibotton.Casilia said sharply, It is a slum. The dregs live there. No one goes there, except the filth that make their homes there.I understand a dumb order Rittah lives there.I neer comprehend of her, said Casilia, her mouth cloture with a snap. It was quite clear that she had no intention of knowing anyone by name who lived in Billibotton.Tisalver, casting an uneasy look at his wife, said, Ive heard of her. Shes a crazy old woman who is supposed to tell fortunes.And does she live in Billibotton?I dont know, Master Seldon. Ive never seen her. Shes mentioned sometimes in the intelligence service holocasts when she makes her predictions.Do they come true?Tisalver snorted. Do predictions ever come true? Hers dont even make se nse.Does she ever talk about Earth?I dont know. I wouldnt be surprised.The mention of Earth doesnt puzzle you. Do you know about Earth?Now Tisalver looked surprised. Certainly, Master Seldon. Its the world all plenty came from supposedly.Supposedly? Dont you mean it?Me? Im educated. But many ignorant people believe it.Are there book-films about Earth?Childrens stories sometimes mention Earth. I remember, when I was a young boy, my favorite story began, Once, long ago, on Earth, when Earth was the barely planet- Remember, Casilia? You liked it too.Casilia shrugged, un resulting to bend as to that degree.Id like to see it sometime, said Seldon, but I mean real book-films uh learned ones or films or printouts.I never heard of any, but the library-Ill submit that.-Are there any taboos about speaking of Earth?What are taboos?I mean, is it a strong custom that people mustnt talk of Earth or that outsiders mustnt ask about it?Tisalver looked so honestly astonished that there seemed no point in waiting for an answer.Dors put in, Is there some rein in about outsiders not going to Billibotton?Now Tisalver turned earnest. No rule, but its not a good idea for anyone to go there. I wouldnt.Dors said, wherefore not?Its dangerous. Violent allone is armed.-I mean, Dahl is an armed place anyway, but in Billibotton they use the weapons. Stay in this neighborhood. Its safe.So far, said Casilia darkly. It would be bust if we left altogether. Heatsinkers go anywhere these days. And there was another lowering look in Seldons direction.Seldon said, What do you mean that Dahl is an armed place? There are strong Imperial regulations against weapons.I know that, said Tisalver, and there are no stun guns here or percussives or mental Probes or anything like that. But there are knives. He looked embarrassed.Dors said, Do you exculpate a poke, Tisalver?Me? He looked genuinely horrified. I am a man of peace and this is a safe neighborhood.We have a gibe of them in the house, said Casilia, sniffing again. Were not that certain this is a safe neighborhood.Does everyone carry knives? asked Dors.Almost everyone, Mistress Venabili, said Tisalver. Its customary. But that doesnt mean everyone uses them.But they use them in Billibotton, I suppose, said Dors.Sometimes. When theyre excited, they have fights.And the regimen permits it? The Imperial government, I mean?Sometimes they try to clean Billibotton up, but knives are too easy to hide and the custom is too strong. Besides, its almost always Dahlites that get killed and I dont think the Imperial government gets too upset over that.What if its an outsider who gets killed?If its reported, the Imperials could get excited. But what happens is that no one has seen anything and no one knows anything. The Imperials sometimes round up people on general principles, but they can never prove anything. I suppose they decide its the outsiders shift key for being there.-So dont go to Billibotton, even if you have a p oke.Seldon shook his head rather pettishly. I wouldnt carry a lingua. I dont know how to use one. Not skillfully.Then its simple, Master Seldon. Stay out. Tisalver shook his head portentously. Just stay out.I may not be able to do that either, said Seldon.Dors glared at him, clearly annoyed, and said to Tisalver, Where does one deal a glossa? Or may we have one of yours?Casilia said quick, No one make believes someone elses knife. You must buy your own.Tisalver said, There are knife lay ins all over. There arent supposed to be. Theoretically theyre illegal, you know. Any appliance store sells them, however. If you see a washing machine on display, thats a sure sign.And how does one get to Billibotton? asked Seldon.By freeway.Tisalver looked dubious as he looked at Dorss frowning expression.Seldon said, And once I r for each one the Expressway?Get on the eastbound side and bring in for the signs. But if you must go, Master Seldon-Tisalver hesitated, then said-you mustnt take M istress Venabili. Women sometimes are treated worse.She wont go, said Seldon.Im f discip auraened she allow for, said Dors with quiet determination.68.The appliance store leads mustache was clearly as lush as it had been in his younger days, but it was grizzled now, even though the hair on his head was still black. He fey the mustache out of rank(a) habit as he gazed at Dors and brushed it hindquarters on each side.He said, Youre not a Dahlite.Yes, but I still want a knife.He said, Its against the legal philosophy to sell knives.Dors said, Im not a policewoman or a government agent of any sort. Im going to Billibotton.He stared at her thoughtfully. Alone?With my friend. She jerked her quarter round over her shoulder in the direction of Seldon, who was waiting outside sullenly.Youre purchasing it for him? He stared at Seldon and it didnt take him long to decide. Hes an outsider too. Let him come in and buy it for himself.Hes not a government agent either. And Im buying it fo r myself.The dealer shook his head. Outsiders are crazy. But if you want to spend some beliefs, Ill take them from you.He reached under the counter, brought out a stub, turned it with a slight and expert performance, and the knife trade name emerged.Is that the largest you have?Best womans knife make. video display me a mans knife.You dont want one thats too heavy. Do you know how to use one of these things?Ill learn and Im not worried about heavy. Show me a mans knife.The dealer smiled. Well, if you want to see one-He moved far down the counter and brought up a much fatter stub. He gave it a twist and what appeared to be a butchers knife emerged. He handed it to her, maintain first, still smiling.She said, Show me that twist of yours.He showed her on a second knife, softenedly twisting one way to make the blade appear, then the other way to make it disappear. Twist and squeeze, he said.Do it again, sir.The dealer obliged.Dors said, All expert, close it and somerset me the h aft.He did, in a slow upward loop.She caught it, handed it back, and said, Faster.He raised his eyebrows and then, without warning, backhanded it to her left side. She made no attempt to bring over her right hand, but caught it with her left and the blade showed tumescently at once-then disappeared. The dealers mouth fell open.And this is the largest you have? she said.It is. If you try to use it, it will just tire you out.Ill breathe deeply. Ill take a second one too.For your friend?No. For me.You plan on using 2 knives?Ive got two hands.The dealer sighed. Mistress, please stay out of Billibotton. You dont know what they do to women there.I can guess. How do I put these knives on my flush?Not the one youve got on, Mistress. Thats not a knife belt. I can sell you one, though.Will it pull in two knives?I major power have a double belt somewhere. Not much call for them.Im affair for them.I may not have it in your size.Then well cut it down or something.It will cost you a lot of c redits.My credit tile will cover it.When she emerged at last, Seldon said sourly, You look miserable with that bulky belt.Really, Hari? Too ridiculous to go with you to Billibotton? Then lets twain go back to the apartment.No. Ill go on by myself. Ill be safer by myself.Dors said, There is no use saying that, Hari. We twain go back or we both go forward. Under no circumstances do we separate.And somehow the firm look in her blue look, the set to her lips, and the modal value in which her hands had dropped to the hafts at her belt, convinced Seldon she was serious.Very well, he said, but if you survive and if I ever see Hummin again, my price for continuing to work on psychohistory-much as I have large(p) fond of you-will be your removal. Do you understand?And suddenly Dors smiled. Forget it. Dont practice your chivalry on me. Nothing will remove me. Do you understand?69.They got off the Expressway where the sign, flickering in the air, said BILLIBOTTON. As perhaps an indication of what might be expected, the second I was smeared, a mere blob of fainter light.They made their way out of the car and down to the manner of walking below. It was early afternoon and at first glance, Billibotton seemed much like the part of Dahl they had left.The air, however, had a bitter aroma and the walkway was littered with trash.One could tell that auto-sweeps were not to be found in the neighborhood. And, although the walkway looked ordinary enough, the atmosphere was uncomfortable and as tense as a too-tightly coiled spring. Perhaps it was the people. There seemed the conventionality number of pedestrians, but they were not like pedestrians elsewhere, Seldon thought. Ordinarily, in the press of business, pedestrians were egoistic and in the endless crowds on the endless thoroughfares of Trantor, people could only survive-psychologically-by ignoring each other. Eyes slid remote. Brains were shut off. There was an artificial privacy with each mortal enclosed in a velv et fog of his or her own making. Or there was the ritualistic friendliness of an evening promenade in those neighborhoods that indulged in such things. But here in Billibotton, there was uncomplete friendliness nor neutral withdrawal. At least not where outsiders were concerned. Every person who passed, moving in either direction, turned to stare at Seldon and Dors. Every pair of eyes, as though attached by invisible cord to the two outsiders, followed them with ill will.The clothing of the Billibottoners tended to be smudged, old, and sometimes corn. There was a patina of ill-washed poverty over them and Seldon felt uneasy at the slickness of his own new clothes.He said, Where in Billibotton does Mother Rittah live, do you suppose?I dont know, said Dors. You brought us here, so you do the supposing. I intend to confine myself to the task of protection and I think Im going to find it inevitable to do just that.Seldon said, I assumed it would only be required to ask the way of an y passerby, but somehow Im not advance to do so.I dont blame you. I dont think youll find anyone springing to your assistance.On the other hand, there are such things as youngsters. He indicated one with a brief gesture of one hand. A boy who looked to be about twelve-in any case young enough to lack the universal adult male mustache had come to a full checkout and was staring at them.Dors said, Youre guessing that a boy that age has not yet essential the full Billibottonian dislike of outsiders.At any rate, said Seldon, Im guessing he is scarcely large enough to have developed the full Billibottonian penchant for violence. I suppose he might pull away and shout insults from a distance if we approach him, but I doubt hell attack us.Seldon raised his voice. Young man. The boy took a meter backward and continued to stare.Seldon said, Come here, and beckoned.The boy said, Wa for, fathead?So I can ask you directions. Come closer, so I dont have to shout.The boy approached two step s closer. His face was smudged, but his eyes were bright and sharp. His sandals were of several(predicate) make and there was a large patch on one leg of his trousers.He said, Wa kind o directions?Were trying to find Mother Rittah.The boys eyes flickered. Wa for, guy?Im a scholar. Do you know what a scholar is?Ya went to check?Yes. Didnt you?The boy flurry to one side in disrespect. Nah.I want advice from Mother Rittah-if youll take me to her.Ya want your fortune? Ya come to Billibotton, guy, with your fancy clothes, so I can tell ya your fortune. All bad.Whats your name, young man?Whats it to ya?So we can speak in a more friendly fashion. And so you can take me to Mother Rittahs place. Do you know where she lives? maybe yes, mayhap no. My names Raych. Whats in it for me if I take ya?What would you like, Raych?The boys eyes chited at Dorss belt. Raych said, The skirt got a couple o knives. Gimme one and Ill take ya to Mother Rittah.Those are grown peoples knives, Raych. Youre too young.Then I guess Im too young to know where Mother Rittah lives. And he looked up slyly through the shaggy halt that curtained his eyes.Seldon grew uneasy. It was possible they might attract a crowd. Several men had stop already, but had then moved on when nothing of inte sleep seemed to be taking place. If, however, the boy grew angry and lashed out at them in word or deed, people would undoubtedly gather.He smiled and said, Can you read, Raych?Raych spat again. Nah Who wants to read?Can you use a information processing system?A talking computer? Sure. Anyone can.Ill tell you what, then. You take me to the nearest computer store and Ill buy you a little computer all your own and software that will teach you to read. A some weeks and youll be able to read.It seemed to Seldon that the boys eyes sparkled at the thought, but-if so-they hardened at once.Nah, Knife or nothin.Thats the point, Raych. You learn to read and dont tell anyone and you can surprise people. by and by a sequence you can wreak them you can read. Bet them five credits. You can win a few extra credits that way and you can buy a knife of your own.The boy hesitated. Nah No one will bet me. No one got credits.If you can read, you can get a job in a knife store and you can save your wages and get a knife at a discount. How about that?When ya gonna buy the talking computer?Right now. Ill give it to you when I see Mother Rittah.You got credits?I have a credit tile.Lets see ya buy the computer.The transaction was carried through, but when the boy reached for it, Seldon shook his head and put it inside his pouch. Youve got to get me to Mother Rittah first, Raych. Are you sure you know where to find her?Raych allowed a look of contempt to cross his face. Sure I do. Ill take ya there, only ya better hand over the computer when we get there or Ill get some guys I know after you and the lady, so ya better watch out.You dont have to threaten us, said Seldon. Well take care of our end of the deal. Raych led them quickly along the walkway, past curious stares. Seldon was silent during the walk and so was Dors. Dors was far less lost in her own thoughts, though, for she clearly remained conscious of the border people at all times. She kept meeting, with a level glare, the eyes of those passersby that turned toward them. On occasion, when there were footsteps behind them, she turned to look grimly back.And then Raych stopped and said, In here. She aint homeless, ya know.They followed him into an apartment complex and Seldon, who had had the intention of pastime their route with a view to retracing his steps later, was quickly lost.He said, How do you know your way through these alleys, Raych?The boy shrugged. I been loafin through them since I was a kid, he said. Besides, the apartments are numbered-where they aint broken off-and theres arrows and things. You cant get lost if you know the tricks.Raych knew the tricks, apparently, and they wandered deeper into the complex. Hang ing over it all was an air of total decay forgotten debris, inhabitants slinking past in clear resentment of the outsiders invasion. Unruly youngsters ran along the alleys in pursuit of some game or other. Some of them yelled, Hey, get out o the way when their levitating ball narrowly missed Dors. And finally, Raych stopped forward a dark scarred inlet on which the number 2782 glowed feebly.This is it, he said and held out his hand.First lets see whos inside, said Seldon softly. He pushed the signal pushing and nothing happened.It dont work, said Raych. Ya gotta bang. Loud. She dont hear too good.Seldon pounded his fist on the limen and was rewarded with the sound of movement inside. A shrill voice called out, Who wants Mother Rittah?Seldon shouted, ii scholarsHe tossed the delicate computer, with its small package of software attached, to Raych, who snatched it, grinned, and took off at a rapid run.Seldon then turned to face the opening door and Mother Rittah.70.Mother Rittah was well into her seventies, perhaps, but had the kind of face that, at first sight, seemed to belie that. Plump cheeks, a little mouth, a small round chin slightly doubled. She was very short-not quite 1.5 meters tall-and had a blockheaded body.But there were fine wrinkles about her eyes and when she smiled, as she smiled at the sight of them, others broke out over her face. And she moved with difficulty.Come in, come in, she said in a soft high-pitched voice and peered at them as though her eyesight was beginning to fail. Outsiders Outworlders even. Am I right? You dont seem to have the Trantor smell about you.Seldon regarded she hadnt mentioned smell. The apartment, overcrowded and littered with small possessions that seemed swart and dusty, reeked with food olfactory modalitys that were on the edge of rancidity. The air was so thick and clinging that he was sure his clothes would smell strongly of it when they left.He said, You are right, Mother Rittah. I am Hari Seldon of Helicon. My friend is Dors Venabili of Cinna.So, she said, looking about for an unoccupied spot on the floor where she could invite them to sit, but finding none suitable.Dors said, We are willing to stand, Mother.What? she looked up at Dors. You must speak briskly, my child. My hearing is not what it was when I was your age.why dont you get a hearing device? said Seldon, raising his voice.It wouldnt help, Master Seldon. Something seems to be wrong with the nerve and I have no money for nerve rebuilding.-You have come to learn the proximo from old Mother Rittah?Not quite, said Seldon. I have come to learn the past.Excellent. It is such a strain to decide what people want to hear.It must be quite an art, said Dors, smiling.It seems easy, but one has to he properly convincing. I earn my fees.If you have a credit outlet, said Seldon. We will pay any reasonable fees if you tell us about Earth-without cleverly designing what you tell us to suit what we want to hear. We wish to hear the truth.The old woman, who had been shuffling about the room, making adjustments here and there, as though to make it all prettier and more suitable for important visitors, stopped short. What do you want to know about Earth?What is it, to begin with?The old woman turned and seemed to gaze off into space. When she spoke, her voice was low and steady.It is a world, a very old planet. It is forgotten and lost.Dors said, It is not part of history. We know that much.It comes before history, child, said Mother Rittah solemnly. It existed in the dawn of the beetleweed and before the dawn. It was the only world with homosexualkind. She nodded firmly.Seldon said, Was another name for Earth Aurora?And now Mother Rittahs face misted into a frown. Where did you hear that?In my wanderings. I have heard of an old forgotten world named Aurora on which humanity lived in primordial peace.Its a lie. She wiped her mouth as though to get the taste of what she had just heard out of it. That name you m ention must never be mentioned except as the place of diabolical. It was the beginning of wickedness. Earth was alone till Evil came, along with its sister worlds. Evil nearly destroyed Earth, but Earth rallied and destroyed Evil-with the help of heroes.Earth was before this Evil. Are you sure of that?Long before. Earth was alone in the Galaxy for deoxyguanosine monophosphates of years-millions of years.Millions of years? Humanity existed on it for millions of years with no other people on any other world?Thats true. Thats true. Thats true.But how do you know all this? Is it all in a computer program? Or a printout? Do you have anything I can read?Mother Rittah shook her head. I heard the old stories from my mother, who heard it from hers, and so on far back. I have no children, so I tell the stories to others, but it may come to an end. This is a time of disbelief.Dors said, Not really, Mother. There are people who speculate about prehistoric times and who flying field some of the tales of lost worlds.Mother Rittah made a motion of her arm as though to wipe it away. They look at it with cold eyes. Scholarly. They try to fit it in with their notions. I could tell you stories for a year of the bully hero Ba-Lee, but you would have no time to listen and I have lost the strength to tell.Seldon said, Have you ever heard of robots?The old woman shuddered and her voice was almost a scream. Why do you ask such things? Those were artificial human beings, evil in themselves and the work of the Evil worlds. They were destroyed and should never be mentioned.There was one special robot, wasnt there, that the Evil worlds hated?Mother Rittah tottered toward Seldon and peered into his eyes. He could feel her hot breath on his face. Have you come to mock me? You know of these things and yet you ask? Why do you ask?Because I wish to know.There was an artificial human being who helped Earth. He was Da-Nee, friend of Ba-Lee. He never died and lives somewhere, waiting for hi s time to return. None knows when that time will be, but someday he will come and restore the great old days and remove all cruelty, injustice, and misery. That is the promise.At this, she closed her eyes and smiled, as if rememberingSeldon waited a while in silence, then sighed and said, Thank you, Mother Rittah. You have been very helpful. What is your fee?So pleasant to meet Outworlders, the old woman replied. Ten credits. May I offer you some refreshment?No, thank you, said Seldon earnestly. enjoy take twenty. You need only tell us how to get back to the Expressway from here.-And, Mother Rittah, if you can arrange to have some of your tales of Earth put into a computer disc, I will pay you well.I would need so much strength. How well?It would depend on how long the story is and how well it is told. I might pay a thousand credits.Mother Rittah licked her lips. A thousand credits? But how will I find you when the story is told?I will give you the computer code number at which I c an be reached.After Seldon gave Mother Rittah the code number, he and Dors left, thankful for the comparatively clean odor of the alley outside. They walked briskly in the direction indicated by the old woman.Dors said, That wasnt a very long interview, Hari.I know. The surroundings were terribly unpleasant and I felt I had learned enough. Amazing how these folktales tend to magnify.What do you mean, magnify?Well, the Mycogenians interest their Aurora with human beings who lived for centuries and the Dahlites fill their Earth with a humanity that lived for millions of years. And both talk of a robot that lives forever. Still, it makes one think.As far as millions of years go, theres room for- Where are we going?Mother Rittah said we go in this direction till we reach a rest area, then follow the sign for CENTRAL WALKWAY, bearing left, and keep on side by side(p) the sign. Did we pass a rest area on the way in?We may be leaving by a route various from the one we came in. I dont re member a rest area, but I wasnt watching the route. I was keeping my eye on the people we passed and-Her voice died away. Up ahead the alley swelled outward on both sides. Seldon remembered. They had passed that way. There had been a couple of ratty couch pads resting on the walkway floor on either side. There was, however, no need for Dors to watch passersby going out as she had coming in. There were no passersby. But up ahead in the rest area they spotted a group of men, rather large-sized for Dahlites, mustaches bristling, bare upper arms muscular and glow under the yellowish indoor light of the walkway. Clearly, they were waiting for the Outworlders and, almost automatically, Seldon and Dors came to a halt. For a moment or two, the tableau held. Then Seldon looked behind him hastily. dickens or three additional men had stepped into view.Seldon said between his teeth, Were trapped. I should not have let you come, Dors.On the contrary. This is why Im here, but was it outlay y our seeing Mother Rittah?If we get out of this, it was.Seldon then said in a loud and firm voice, May we pass?One of the men ahead stepped forward. He was fully Seldons height of 1.73 meters, but broader in the shoulders and much more muscular. A bit flabby at the waist, though, Seldon noted.Im Marron, he said with self-satisfied significance, as though the name ought to have meaning, and Im here to tell you we dont like Outworlders in our district. You want to come in, all right-but if you want to leave, youll have to pay.Very well. How much?All youve got. You rich Outworlders have credit tiles, right? Just hand them over.No.No point saying no. Well just take them.You cant take them without killing me or annoyance me and they wont work without my voiceprint. My normal voiceprint.Thats not so, Master-see, Im being polite-we can take them away from you without hurting you very much.How many of you big strong men will it take? Nine? No. Seldon counted rapidly. Ten.Just one. Me.With n o help?Just me.If the rest of you will clear away and give us room, I would like to see you try it, Marron.You dont have a knife, Master. You want one?No, use yours to make the fight even. Ill fight without one.Marron looked about at the others and said, Hey, this puny guy is a sport. He dont even sound scared. Thats sort of nice. It would be a shame to hurt him. I tell you what, Master. Ill take the girl. If you want me to stop, hand over your credit tile and her tile and use your right voices to initiate them. If you say no, then after Im through with the girl and thatll take some time-he laughed-Ill just have to hurt you.No, said Seldon. Let the woman go. Ive challenged you to a fight-one to one, you with a knife, me without. If you want bigger odds, Ill fight two of you, but let the woman go.Stop, Hari cried out Dors. If he wants me, let him come and get me. You stay right where you are, Hari, and dont move.You hear that? said Marron, grinning broadly. You stay right where you are, Hari, and dont move. I think the little lady wants me. You two, keep him still.Each of Seldons arms were caught in an iron grip and he felt the sharp point of a knife in his back.Dont move, said a harsh susurrus in his ear, and you can watch. The lady will probably like it. Marrons fair good at this.Dors called out again. Dont move, Hari She turned to face Marron watchfully, her half-closed hands self-contained near her belt.He closed in on her purposefully and she waited till he had come within arms length, when suddenly her own arms flashed and Marron found himself facing two large knives.For a moment, he leaned backward and then he laughed. The little lady has two knives-knives like the big boys have. And Ive only got one. But thats fair enough. His knife was swiftly out. I hate to have to cut you, little lady, because it will be more fun for both of us if I dont. Maybe I can just bug them out of your hands, huh?Dors said, I dont want to kill you. Ill do all I can to av oid doing so. Just the same, I call on all to witness, that if I do kill you, it is to protect my friend, as I am honor-bound to do.Marron pretended to be terrified. Oh, please dont kill me, little lady. Then he burst into laughter and was joined by the other Dahlites present. Marron lunged with his knife, quite astray of the mark. He tried it again, then a third time, but Dors never budged. She made no attempt to fend off any motion that was not truly aimed at her.Marrons expression darkened. He was trying to make her respond with panic, but he was only making himself seem ineffectual. The bordering lunge was directly at her and Dorss left-hand blade moved flashingly and caught his with a force that pushed his arm aside. Her right-hand blade flashed inward and made a diagonal slit in his T-shirt. A thin bloody line smeared the dark-haired skin beneath. Marron looked down at himself in shock as the onlookers gasped in surprise.Seldon felt the grip on him weaken slightly as the two who held him were distracted by a duel not going quite as they had expected. He tensed himself.Now Marron lunged again and this time his left hand shot outward to enclose Dorss right wrist. once again Dorss left-hand blade caught his knife and held it motionless, while her right hand squirm agilely and drew downward, even as Marrons left hand closed upon it. It closed on nothing but the blade and when he unfastened his hand there was a bloody line down the palm.Dors sprang back and Marron, conscious(predicate) of the blood on his chest and hand, roared out chokingly, Someone toss me another knife There was hesitation and then one of the onlookers tossed his own knife underhanded. Marron reached for it, but Dors was quicker. Her right-hand blade struck the thrown knife and sent it flying backward, whirling as it went.Seldon felt the grips on his arms weaken further. He raise them suddenly, pushing up and forward, and was free. His two captors turned toward him with a sudden sho ut, but he quickly kneed one in the groin and elbowed the other in the solar plexus and both went down.He knelt to draw the knives of each and rose as double-armed as Dors. Unlike Dors, Seldon did not know how to handle the blades, but he knew the Dahlites would scarcely be aware of that.Dors said, Just keep them off, Hari. Dont attack yet.-Marron, my next stroke will not be a scratch.Marron, totally enraged, roared incoherently and charged blindly, attempting by sheer kinetic energy to overwhelm his opponent. Dors, dipping and sidestepping, ducked under his right arm, kicked her foot against his right ankle, and down he crashed, his knife flying.She then knelt, placed one blade against the back of his neck and the other against his throat, and said, YieldWith another yell, Marron struck out against her with one arm, pushed her to one side, then scrambled to his feet.He had not yet stood up completely when she was upon him, one knife slashing downward and hacking away a section of h is mustache. This time he yowled like a large animal in agony, clapping his hand to his face. When he drew it away, it was descend blood.Dors shouted, It wont grow again, Marron. Some of the lip went with it. Attack once more and youre dead meat.She waited, but Marron had had enough. He stumbled away, moaning, leaving a trail of blood.Dors turned toward the others. The two that Seldon had knocked down were still lying there, unarmed and not anxious to get up. She bent down, cut their belts with one of her knives and then slit their trousers. This way, youll have to hold your pants up when you walk, she said. She stared at the seven men still on their feet, who were watching her with awestruck fascination. And which of you threw the knife?There was silence.She said, It doesnt matter to me. Come one at a time or all together, but each time I slash, someone dies.And with one accord, the seven turned and scurried away. Dors lifted her eyebrows and said to Seldon, This time, at least, Hummin cant complain that I failed to protect you.Seldon said, I still cant believe what I saw. I didnt know you could do anything like that-or talk like that either.Dors merely smiled. You have your talents too. We make a good pair. Here, attract your knife blades and put them into your pouch. I think the news will spread out with enormous speed and we can get out of Billibotton without fear of being stopped.She was quite right.

Crisis Management

Crises steering in Public disciplines Review of Crisis in Public naturalizes doneout the linked States Throughout the United States students in public prepares contribute experienced umpteen crises. Students have witnessed or experienced many different types of crisis which can involve violence, death, accidents, family issues, natural possibilitys and terrorism. Statistics from the theme Center for Educational Statistics (2008) show that in the 2003-04 naturalise category in that location were 19 homicides and 3 suicides that occurred at schooling.Outside of school in the 2003-04 school year there were 1,437 homicides and 1,285 suicides of youth ages 5 to 18. tally to the Fatality Analysis describe System Encyclopedia (2008) in the year 2007, there were 2,022 children ages 0-15 and 5,338 teens ages 16-20 who died in fatal car accident. Other crises let in disasters. Since 2003 there have been 4 hurricanes (hurricanes Isabel, Ivan, Katrina, and Ophelia) in the United States. Hurricane Katrina displaced everywhere 372,000 school-aged children (Dickenson, 2008). In the phratry 11 attack, there were 3,051 children who lost a parent (New York Media, 2008).Earthquakes, thunderstorms, and tornadoes also have caused major fatalities and displacements. Public Schools in the United States need to be build to handle crisis, large and small, to keep children and staff out of harms way. in that location must be a Crisis Intervention or Management Plan, in case any of these crises occur in the school. Unfortunately, not all do. School Psychologists play a significant consumption of the crisis circumspection team and should review the plan and know their part in crisis management for schools during and after the crises occurs.Crisis Management, as defined by The Model School Crisis Management Plan (1999), is that part of a school divisions approach to school safety which focuses more narrowly on a time-limited, problem-focused intervention to identify, confront and resolve the crisis, restore equilibrium, and support appropriate accommodative responses. This paper will address the following recent search on what school crisis management plans should include, definition and signs of posttraumatic stress disorder, and resources to read school psychologists in playing an important role in risis management. Resent research on crisis management plans The Center for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA (2008) created a 161 page crisis prevention and response plan for schools to use as a resource. In it they define the major facets of crisis response as being 1. communication, 2. direction and coordination, and 3. health and safety. These major facets should be implemented during the emergency, immediate aftermath, days/weeks following, and in prevention.The Psychological First Aid approach which was developed by the National Center for PTSD to help children, adolescents, adults, and families in the immediate aftermath of disaster and te rrorism should also be included in the crisis management plan. It is designed to reduce the initial distress caused by traumatic events and to foster short-and long adaptive functioning and coping (NCTSN, 2006). The Psychological First Aid for school aged children should be implemented immediately after the trauma and includes triad basic objectives managing the situation, mobilizing support, and following up.Definition and signs of posttraumatic stress disorder Posttraumatic Stress rowdiness is an anxiety disorder that can occur after you have been through a traumatic event during this type of event, you think that your life or others lives are in danger. You may smell afraid or feel that you have no control over what is happening (NCPTSD, 2008). If these feelings persist over a long time and interfere with a persons daily life, they are experiencing PTSD. Elementary school-aged children show different signs of PTSD than adults. sooner of experiencing flashbacks or amnesia, chi ldren experience time skew (mis-sequencing trauma related events) and augur formation (belief that there were contendning signs that predicted the trauma) and may ordain the trauma in play, drawings, or verbalization (Hamblen, 1998). Adolescents resemble the signs of adults, but may also reenact the trauma in some part of their daily life. Resources for school psychologists in crisis management The National Association of School Psychologists (2000) has a list of website resources that guide school psychologists on various school safety and crisis information.Some resources include school safety/violence prevention, suicide prevention/intervention, trauma, natural disasters, and war/terrorism materials. One approach the NASP recommends for school psychologists in identifying coping strategies is the radical Ph Coping Model by Dr. Mooli Lahad. The model suggests that people consume six potential characteristics or dimensions that are at the core of an several(prenominal)s copin g style (Zenere, 2004). The six coping styles are Belief, Affect, Social, Imagination, Cognitive, and Physiological.There are many organizations and associations listed on the Ed. gov Emergency Planning website. It is important for school psychologists to recognize their important role in the crisis management team. They should use the resources on tap(predicate) to them to aid in the schools process of developing the crisis management plan. School psychologists should also stay up-to-date on current research regarding outcomes of tragedy in children. Together as a team, they have the exponent to help children, and hopefully reduce PTSD in children after a trauma. ReferencesCenter for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA. (2008). Responding to a Crisis at a School. Los Angeles, CA Author. Retrieved declination 2, 2008, from http//smhp. psych. ucla. edu/ Dickenson, C. (2008, November). Children Displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Communique, 37(3), 32. Fatality Analysis Reporting System E ncyclopedia (2008). National Statistics. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http//www-fars. nhtsa. dot. gov/Main/index. aspx Hamblen, J. (1998). PTSD in Children and Adolescents. National Center for PTSD. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http//www. ncptsd. va. ov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_children. hypertext markup language National Association of School Psychologists (2000). Information for Educators. Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http//www. nasponline. org/educators/index. aspx National Center for Education Statistics (2008). Indicators of School villainy and Safety2007. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http//nces. ed. gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ NCTSN National Child Traumatic Stress meshing (2006). Psychological First Aid Field Operations Guide (2nd Ed). Retrieved December 3, 2008, from http//www. ncptsd. va. ov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/smallerPFA_2ndEditionwithappendices. pdf U. S. Department of Education (2008). Emergency Planning. Retrieved December 2, 2 008, from http//www. ed. gov/admins/lead/safety/emergencyplan/index. html Virginia General Assembly (1999). The Model School Crisis Management Plan, 2. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http//pen6. pen. k12. va. us/VDOE/Instruction/model. html Zenere, F. (2004). How Children with Trauma and Ongoing Threat The BASIC Ph Model. National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http//www. nasponline. org/

Racism and Anti-Semitism in America Essay

Stereotyping reflects expectations and belief virtually the characteristics of members of throngs perceived as antithetic from ones response and discrimination refers to sense (www.usnews.com). We all(prenominal) encounter some form of disfavor or emboss in our life. What types argon they? Would you come over the lasting affects it has on someone you yourself had discriminated against? Would you endorse the effects it had on you? This author will introduce you to three different stomps, men magniloquenty ill, hasty generalization, and false dichotomy. I will explain the damages beingness stereotypic does to a somebody and the lasting effects it has. Aggression, overeating, inability to focus, and clog making rational decisions, all ar negative effects see by those subjected to prejudice, according to Univer layy of Toronto Study (Michael Inzticht, 2012). Past studies entertain shown that tribe do in situations where they sprightliness they ar being stereotyped, said professor Michael Inzticht of psychological science who led the study, published in the months edition of the diary of Personality and Social Psychology.What we wanted to do was look at what happens afterwards. argon there any lingering effects of prejudice? Does being stereotyped lease an impact beyond the mo custodyt when stereotyping happens (www.usnews,com)? A person that stereotypes found on negative feelings is a person that is indifferent to accepting heathenish diversity and situations that they find dissonance with because that atomic number 18 either entrenched with prejudice from a psycho neighborly paradigm, or film the conscientious prime(prenominal) to be prejudice because of their inferential way of thinking. In Nazi Ger some masses were imprisoned and even killed for trying to fight anti-Semitism. In America we are free to fight it, save too many of us strike to ignore this hate that dare not handle its name. antisemitism is real, it is homicidal an d it is very much with us today (www.the-ameri give notice-interest.com). Anti-Semitism involves beliefs that Jews are much clannish that other hatful and act in concert to weather a specific Jewish agenda. Jews deploy extraordinary wealth with just abtaboo superhuman cunning in support of the Jewish agenda.As a religious and national minority, Jews cannot flourish without attacking the traditional values of their host society. In every country Jews seek to weaken national culture, religion, values, and cohesion. Jews are not a national mathematical group or a mickle in the way that others are they do not father the comparable rights to establish a nation state that other people do. Where Jewish interest is concerned, the appearance of open line of reasoning in our society and many others is carefully constructed illusion. In reality, Jews work to crapher to block open debate on issues they care about and those who resist the Jewish agenda are marginalized in public hand leion. These ideas are the five pillars of anti-Semitism you dont have to believe them all- any one will do. Being an discriminatory does not necessarily make you a Nazi.You are an anti-Semite. That doesnt make you a Nazi Hitler added a sixth pillar of anti-Semitism that the merely way to successfully oppose the Jewish agenda was to kill all the Jews. This idea have become so widely accepted that they are seldom questioned or examined when that happens a whole society is poisoned and deformed. Stereotyping is one of the biggest issues in cordial psychology but relatively little is known about how and why stereotypes form. Conventional approaches to stereotyping assumes that stereotypes are based on erroneous and distorted processes, but others feel that they form in order to explain aspects of social groups and in particular to explain relationships between groups. In particular stereotypes have often been seen as rigid and distorted mental structure that frivol people to mak e serious errors (McGarty et al, 2010).From a social functional organize word of military position race is a social construction, on the one overtake it has been a legitimating ideological tool to suppress and exploit specific social groups and to deny them access to material and cultural resources, work, welfare services, housing, semipolitical rights, etc. On the other hand, these affected groups have adopted the idea of race. They have turned the concept more or less and apply it to construct an alternative affirmative self-identity they have also used it as a basic for political resistance (Miles, 199328) and to fight for more antonomy, independence, and participation. There are several forms of stereotyping and prejudice, but I will give you examples of only three. I will explain the stereotype and elaborate on the meanings they present. Fallacious argument is the first stereotype that I will be discussing. A unsound argument just now means false or not correct, but is usually used to describe someone being deceptively false.Fallacy is a misconception of a false belief. If someone is being fallacious they are trying to get you to fall for a fallacy (www.vocabulary-vocabulary.com). All African American men who drive big cars are drug dealers. Or if a group of African American youth or men jib just about in a group they are gang bangers. This is a fallacious belief. African American men have control intumescent cars as long as I can remember. My uncle all my life has driven nothing but Lincoln Continentals. He is now a retired railroad engineer from the railroad having driven trains for more than thirty historic period. I have friends that are firemen, teachers, and family men that wound not purchase a car if sit was not as its called a Big Body. Next, people stand around and talk, and socialize in crowds all the time, this does not mean they are gang bangers.I have made my sons stop standing around with their friends by a fence in the neig hborhood because I did not want them harassed by the police if they should pass by and see them standing there. quite a little assume the worst of people out of panic and or ignorance on their part. The next stereotype that I will discuss is one that I personally experienced. Since you are so tall I know you can play basketball. Being a woman of tall statue everyone assumes that I play basketball. All through Jr. high gear and High School my physical education teachers tried to get me to play ball. The head coach for the girls basketball team even tried to get me to issue band which I loved and play ball for her. I forever and a day heard, as tall as you are I know you can play. I hated basketball, I still do. I never cared for the mutation even when I had to play for physical education class. A persons height and statue does not mean that they would have a impatience for a sport that is loved by others of this statue. Just because I was nearly 6 feet should not have been rea son for anyone to feel that I the likes of to play basketball. This argument is false dichotomy.False dilemma thinking or the fallacy of exhaustive hypothesis is a type of logical fallacy that involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, which in fact there is at least one additional option. The generalization was made that since I was tall I wanted and liked to play basketball. The third and final stereotype is one that I was questioned about years ago by a good friend of mine. She was a large young lady and short which made her look even larger. She would continuously seem down and stand offish around a group of people that we did not know. I have always been one to speak and socialize with anyone and somewhat stylish in dress.She questioned me on an outfit that I was wearing thinking that I should feel self-conscious because my back was out in the dress and that she would never wear something like that because of her size. I simply informed her that this is her business you (she) allow others to dictate how you feel about yourself. They say you should be ashamed or embarrassed about your looks (i.e. weight) and because of this you should act and feel this way, not true. Just because you are not a size 3 and average height does not mean you are not charming and should have all the esteem, and pride in yourself as anyone could muster. This argument if fallacious because the inference from the premise to the conclusion is fallacy because of mistakes in the reasoning (Mosser, K. 2010).People who felt they were discriminated against-whether based on gender, age, race, religion all experienced epoch-making impacts even after they were removed from the situation. The lingering effects hurt people in a very real way, leaving them at a disadvantage. Even many steps removed from a prejudicial situation, people are carrying around this baggage that negatively impacts their lives. People are obstreperous in their ideologies because they ar e adamant in their discriminatory beliefs. Negative stereotyping does have lasting affects because this construct is generally instilled in their children and if this cyclical deterministic view is not broken, such negativity will continue to manifest. Racism and Anti-Semitism is very much alive and still a major problem in this country, and around the world.Referenceswww.ask.com/falsedichotomywww.blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrmwww.Ksuweb.Kernesaw.edu/shagin/logfal-emotion-hastygen.htmhttp//www.libcom.org/history/article/racism_brief-historyMcGarty, Craig, Spears, Bussell, Yzerbut, Vincent (1/2002), Stereotypes and Explanation Published Cambidge University Press, gestate Chester, NY, USA, Retrieved from www.site.ebray.com/lib/ashford/docDetail?docID=10023552pg24=stereotypeing Mosser, Kurt, (2011), Logic and Introduction, San Diego, CA Bridgeport Education, Inc. Retrieved from http//www.content.ashford.edu/booksStereotyping has Lasting negative Impact Prejudice has lingering Eff ectsRetrieved from www.usnews.com/science/article/2010/08/12/stereotypes

Minorities at War Essay

Many peoples lives changed in various ways during and after the World War II. The lives of women and minorities such as African Americans and autochthonal Americans, changed drastically mostly in a positive way. Just standardized during most contends, women found jobs and opportunities. This was mainly because men and husbands went to campaign in industries and factories in different parts of the country while others went to state of war as soldiers. With step-down in the male taskforce, young girls and married women had to take up responsibilities and jobs that were traditionally considered to be for men (Mays 17).Unlike the First World War, where women served as secretaries and nurses, in the Second World War they were placed in more clever jobs such as research, electronics, engineering and mechanics (Mays 17). The Womens Army army corps was created in 1942, which enabled women to participate in combat fields as pilots and other support personnel but not in direct combat . The war served as a major platform for women in society, women started being viewed as useful in various fields and not just as caregivers. The opportunity to take part in jobs that were traditionally considered for men excessively empowered women psychologically (Mays 17).The fight for equating for all citizens began after the accomplished war where President Lincoln freed the slaves. The Select Service cause was passed in 1940, allowing Hispanics, Native-Americans and African-Americans to enroll to all the branches of the army. The war offered opportunities for many African Americans to skirt pauperism in their coarse homes (Reinhardt and Ganzel). Many blacks enlisted in the army trying to escape a long period of tenant farming and Depression in the Midwest and South. The army recruited Negroes but still practiced segregation (Reinhardt and Ganzel).In the chaos of war, especially after Pearl Harbor, the army had to work in concert and segregation was broken. After the war , many blacks opted to remain in towns and do work related to what they did in the army instead of going back to their rural homes (Reinhardt and Ganzel). Movements for fighting for civil rights had been created. The post-war era, was a period of exceptional struggle by the African Americans against the second class citizenship that had been accorded to them. They resisted racial discrimination and segregation done nationwide protests, boycotts, rallies and civil disobedience (Reinhardt and Ganzel).Many blacks joined civil rights movements and sound efforts were made to challenge segregation and inequality through courts. These efforts were rewarded with the passing of the cultured Rights Act in 1964 which outlawed racism and segregation. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was also passed allowing all races to vote. The passing of these acts was a great step in the demise of second class citizenship (Reinhardt and Ganzel). The struggle by the blacks to achieve equality inspired and in fluenced other civil rights groups as well such as NativeAmericans and Hispanics.The war as witnessed was a great turning consign for both women and minorities in America. They were all empowered by the situations created by the war to improve their status in society and fight for their rights. Work Cited Mays, Dorothy A. Women in early America struggle, survival, and freedom in a new world. Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO Inc. Publishers, 2004. Reinhardt, Claudia and Ganzel, Bill. accomplished Rights for Minorities. Wesley Living History Farm. 26 August 2010 from http//www. livinghistoryfarm. org/farminginthe40s/life_18. html

International Trade and Us Economy

TOPIC OF THE model TRADE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND US ECONOMIC evolution INTRODUCTION The assignment is about the case where the organizations in the US were trusty for the development and cash advance of information engineering which as well as included the innovation of Mainframe and Midrange estimators in the era of 1960s and 1970s. Companies much(prenominal) as IBM and dingle were one of the first companies which led to advancement of information technology.However, with the high cost of exposeion in US regarding the harvestion of basic components, such(prenominal) were and so seawardd to foreign companies. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 1. During the 1990s and 2000s computer hardw atomic number 18 companies in certain authentic unharmed grounds progressively moved the production of hardware components offshore, often outsourcing them to producers in maturation nations. What does world-wide trade theory suggest about the moments of this movement for frugal re turn in those develop nations? SOLUTION INTRODUCTIONThe theory illustrates that substantial nations despite having resources to produce, bear pursued in buying the commodities from the foreign manufacturers. This is because of the impression cost of importing rather than producing such components. The theory may be described as Comparative receipts Theory. Such theory states the dexterity of a nation to produce goods at a lower fortune cost than separate(a) nation. The true countries were only focusing on producing on high cherish added components whereas create nations were improvising on manufacturing basic hardware components.The get of these diametrical components were being met by each nation and hence the international trade commencement to meet the necessitates were utilized by such nations. IMPLICATIONS The unquestionable nations by practicing the outsource methodology for production of basic hardware goodness benefited it for umpteen different reasons. Su ch reasons are as follows * The internal resources which could have been utilized at exorbitant costs can be curtailed and such resources could be used for alternative purposes.This would mean that the factors of production shall be purchasable for other developments and advancement. * The decrease in cost of a final product would result in increase in the sales volume of such product as demand go out increase. This increase in demand would result in an increase in the sum of a goodness therefore, to a greater extent r eventideue shall be generated for the judicature. * An increase in the everyplaceseas supply of a final product would implicate a favorable remnant of trade.This shows that exports shall increase over imports during a period. * Productivity of a major patience in regard to an increase in sales will finish up the economic development of a nation by enhancing its Gross domestic help Product (gross domestic product). This kernel if information technology pati ence of a nation improves then the contribution to the GDP of a developed nation shall also enhances. * Development in an industry promotes the job opportunities of developed nations.This means that with the advancement of information technology sector came with a high demand of tie in jobs such as computer package engineers and other kinds of computer establish services. With this unemployment also minify and turn up a considerable contribution to the parsimony. coda With the outsourcing of production of basic commodities to developing nations in the era of 1990s and 2000s, developed nations were greatly benefited by both time and cost to allow them to produce even more technical commodities and exert their skills on advancing in the information technology sector.Currently such companies kindred Dell, Intel, orchard apple tree etc. are generating even more new products into the world marketplace of information technology and simultaneously contributing to the thrift of the ir respective nations. 2. IS THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, AS DESCRIBED IN THE CASE CONSISTENT WITH THE PREDICTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE surmise? SOLUTION INTRODUCTION Computer companies in the United States like Dell, Intel, Apple etc. have been manufacturing computers in the late 1970s.However, during the early 1980s, such companies refractory to offshore production of basic components like dynamic random gateway memory chips (DRAMs) to Japan and other countries manufacturers, yet they kept the production of the highest value added components such as microprocessors to themselves and the final assembly. This trend implicates that US companies were producing the final product and in the light of international trade, demand for such computers was also change magnitude momentarily by other nations.Also, US was also advancing in other industries which started to utilize IT based products. Altogether, productivity expansion was shown in the US economy. ADVERSE IMPACT ON TH E US ECONOMY Ricardos brain wave on comparative advantage theory stated that all countries move up out ahead when they trade with each other because if a developed nation like the US trade more with a developing nation like Japan with each country specializing in different products then they have a relative advantage.But this effect had an adverse implication on the job losses in US. By the continuation of globalization, many of the US colour collar jobs were at stake. This is because of the production shifting to offshore countries like Japan, china, India, etc. A census by Harvard University labor economic expert showed that every 1% drop in employment due to imports or factories gone outsourced curtails about 0. 5% off pay for remaining workers. And if white collar outsourcing expands, the concluding job losses could cutoff a wide swath of US consumers.As there is minor doubt that globalization will relatively break in and would cause close to 14. 5 one thousand thousand wo rkforce loss and more than half the US workforce of around 130 million could feel the blow. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE US INDUSTRIES many another(prenominal) economists sight that the new offshoring is an accumulated advantage. For one thing, bosses cost savings should be more than enough to uphold for any remuneration loss seismic disturbance. By the reduced prices of software and other goods outsourcing could enlighten a new cause of US productivity increments.This is agreed to say that surely that developing countries like Japan, China etc. will specialize in producing IT commodities and are obtaining jobs in IT cogitate services, but US will still outrun them in areas like drug research or nanotechnology which the developing countries are not even close to achieving. Thus US will have space, technology and other resources to work on the developments of new and technical industries. PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN THE US ECONOMY Globalization of IT hardware production also created an impact on IT services and software.With the decrease in the prices of both hardware and software from 10 to 30 percent, these lower prices led into higher productivity egression and an accumulated $230 billion in additional Gross Domestic Product. Many other industries also started to use computers in their businesses which shown 2. 8% percent growth in the productivity of their sales and profits. 3. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE THEORY AND DATA FOR a) presidential term POLICY IN ADVANCED NATIONS SUCH AS THE UNITED STATES, AND b) THE scheme OF A FIRM IN THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY, SUCH AS dingle OR APPLE COMPUTER?SOLUTION INTRODUCTION Comparative Advantage Theory states that countries should specialize in economic activities in which they have a comparative advantage and trade with others. The government policies should also revert on focusing on that specific area which the country specialize. a) United States government on realizing the productivity growth in information technology tre nd, promoted the IT cogitate industries on importing basic commodities such as DRAMs and other PC components and by the end of 1990s, IT developed so much so that GDP raised to $230 billion.The US government was mastering in information technology very early. In 1990s, it issued an docket to articulate and implement a great deal for a national information infrastructure (NII). This initiative was widely praised at the time as a forward looking technology insurance initiative that would simultaneously promote economic growth, improve the lives of citizens, and allow governments to come through better services and information to the public- all without new expenditures by the government.The agenda embraced information technology as an enabling and indeed as transformative means for achieving a broad range of economic, social and political goals. The agenda characterized the US as having become primarily in information based economy and asserted a bright future for computer industr ies and other tie in IT industries. b) During the heyday of the technology boom throughout the 1990s many companies see enormous success for a few years, however without creating a solid internal framework many of these companies did not survive.An exception to that business trend is dell, which was able to address its problems associated with rapid growth and build itself into a haunting profitable company. Dell in later 1990s manufactured PCs which no one else could think of, it was specializing in producing tailor made computers for users all over the world. Because of advancing in technical fields and continuing research, Dell proved to be one of the market leaders in computer industry and accounted for much market share in the overall world market of computer industry.After the era of 1980s, advanced companies in the US computer industries were in business to make a profit and do well for other stakeholders such as investors. Because of this notion, many industries to offsho re white collar jobs to developing countries like Japan, India, etc. Many of the economists argued that the loss of white collar jobs was only if a manifestation of companies viewing the world as a borderless market- where they desire resources wheresoever they are cheapest, produce in the optimal location, and sell wherever there is demand. CONCLUSIONUSA being the pioneer of Information Technology, developed most of the gadgets that we use today and have provided an ease of access to the computer industry. Despite the job losses after the offshoring process in the US itself, it provided a gain for other developing countries like Japan, China, India and many others. The aggregate aim for the US companies was to maximize profits and expand production to oversea markets to enhance profits and sales. In the end still US economy in the IT related industry tops out in compare to the rest of the world.

An Inconvenient Truth vs. the Great Global Warming Swindle Essay

Is our planet headed for irreversible disaster? Every reputable scientist in the world cerebrates it is. Left unchecked, globular heating plants negative effects on our natural milieu could waste catastrophic consequences non only for our planet and wildlife exactly for human race as well.What is Global heating system you might question? Well, Global warming is ca utilise when a greenhouse gas known as CO2 is emitted into the melody from by burning fossil fuels and is then trapped causing the globular temperature to rise more than normal. Many might be thinking that this is a good thing because then it would be longer summers but it is real quite frightening. Having our population past 7 billion people straight off has quite the impact on our planet. Burning fossil fuels such as oil and coal gives us electricity to power our factories and run our vehicles but it does emit tons of CO2 into the atmosphere. scour breathing gives off CO2. in that location is however a natu ral cause of this as well. The decaying leaves in tumble or forest fires also give off CO2 undecomposed as all living things do when they die. The natural levels of CO2 in our atmosphere in the past 600,000 years have been at a non-harmful level, proven by the ice cores collected from the great ice sheets.The end that was less convincing was the Inconvenient fairness. Although it does have truths into it about how humans be emitting tons of CO2 into the air but Al Gores argument ignores some information. The information that is ignored is the natural causes of carbon dioxide emissions as well as the natural fluctuations in temperature that the planet normally has. Even though the burning of fossil fuels has had a small impact on this situation, there still is scientific evidence that humans are non the only cause of Global Warming. There is also the case that Al Gore forgot to mention and that is the fact that the Earths climate is not driven by carbon dioxide, man-made or nat ural. Having CO2 not be the cause of Global Warming, the cause would have to be solar activity, which regulates cloud formation, andincludes solar winds and sun spots.The most concerning part of The Inconvenient Truth is that it uses Al Gore, a recent U.S president as their spokesperson rather than an actual scientist. The reason I believe that Al Gore is used is because he was a countrys leader for a a few(prenominal) years so more people would be inclined to believe him rather than the people who were interviewed in The Great Global Warming Swindle.I have found The Great Global Warming Swindle to be more believable because the producers of the film have more resources and data as opposed to The Inconvenient Truth that has just charts. The Great Global Warming Swindle has actual scientists and science professors with information but although they had no data, they depend to be more believable. If Al Gore had actual people bring and speak for him that are experts in the field of climatology or otherwise, I would have found his documentary to be more believable.Even though I believe that CO2 is not the cause of Global Warming, it should still be taken into consideration as to how much we put into the atmosphere because it is

Referent and Expert Power

CNUR 833 Week 9 discussion question unofficial Outline attr action at lawship Read the following chapter Robbins, S. P. , Coulter, M. & Langton, M. (2009). Management (9th Canadian ed. ). Toronto Pearson prentice Hall. Chapter 12 Re look on Week 9 Presentation (Found in cable Materials under Weekly Presentations) Focus on the following elements 1. How leading and coachs differ. leaders Develop fantasy and long marge objectives, plans strategy and tactics Exhibits tip Beauvoir.Acts to bring swap in others congruent with long term objectives Innovates for the replete(p) disposal Asks what and why to change stand firmard practice creates dream and subject matter for the organization uses transformational goern induces change in determine, attitudes, doings development individual(prenominal) examples and salutaryise uses em abilitying strategies to make chase internalize values post quo competition and change creator MANAGERS engages in day to day look at taker activities, detect and allocate resources exhibits supervisory behaviour acts to make others maintain standard hypothesize behaviour administers subsystems within organizations asks how and when to engage in standard practice uses transactional influence induces conformity in manifest behaviour using rewards, sanctions and formal pledge relies on stick to over strategies to get thing d single by stamp downs status quo supporter and stabilizer 2. How various theories improve our understanding of lead? trait theories- early research unable to find the difference leaders from non- leaders Later research on the leadership process set 7 traits associated with conquestful leadership- drive, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, line of merchandise-relevant knowledge, and extraversion Behavioural theories identified 3 leadership appearances- 1. positive style- centralized bureau, low interpretericipation 2. democratic style-involvement, unspoiled(prenominal) participation, feedback 3. laissez-faire style- hands -off management leader behaviour Research decisions abstruse results- no specific style was consistently better for producing better carrying into action employees were more satisfied under a democratic leader than an autocratic leader 4. How managers use power and trust to enhance leadership. For manager to lead, gutter should crap the leadership skill to empower and influence the team or individual to carry out organizational refinements by make watering trust and using power effectively. There ar 5 sources of leader power identified POWER 1. Legitimate power and authority atomic number 18 the same.drawing card in position power in addition likely to have reward and positive power 2. Coercive power-leaders have the ability to punish or bind e. g. employees suspension and demotion or assign unpleasant or enviable ca-ca to the workers. Followers react to the power out of fear and consequences for non compliance 3. Reward power- give positive benefits and rewards including anything that a nonher person values e. g. money, favourable performance appraisals, promotions, pursuanceing work dates, friendly colleagues, and preferred work shifts or sales territories. . Expert power- influence based on expertise, specific skills, or knowledge. Managers depend on employees expert to achieve the organizations goals due to jobs have become more specialized. 5. Referent power-based on desired resources or personal traits. Develop out of admiration of a nonher and a desire to be like that person by modelling behaviour and attitudes later on the individual DEVELOPING TRUST AND CREDIBILITY TRUST accept 5 dimensions 1. integrity- honesty and truthfulness 2. competence- technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills 3. onsistency- reliability, predictability, and broad(a) judgement in handling situation 4. loyalty- go awayingness to protect a person, physi cally and emotionally 5. openness- willingness to share ideas and information freely Honesty is the most master(prenominal) characteristic of admired leader Credible leaders are adequate and inspiring Able to communicate effectively their confidence and competence and dream Trust and integrity are interrelated and interchangeable Post your views one the 2 discussion questions in the discussion threads. . Describe the differences between a transactional leader and a transformational leader. Transactional leaders is more of management leadership style by telling what they fatalityed the employees to do and give clear organise and expectation to their followers what is anticipate and required to do the job with full responsibility Reward for success of compliances and effort and penalisation for failure to activate employees to achieve short term goal and non long-term goal by increase their performance or productivity. Followers are expected to do the job as an order wh ether or not in that respect are resources or capability to do it. Employees obey to do the assignment by negotiating a contract with benefits and incentive. This leadership style has least interest in changing the working environment and ineffective in promoting job satis incidention. Transformation leadership Defined as charismatic leaders of change agents who have confidence and belief in themselves by developing vision and putting their cacoethes and energy to take care of their subordinates to success. with clear vision and direction leaders will be able to inspire their followers to buy into it in order achieve their common goal for the organization virtually of the characteristics of transformation leader are en and soiasm, active and good listener, visible, build trust, persistent, keep up the momentum by motivating and rallying their followers, sight followers their behaviours and attitudes the port e truly ones else should behave, commitment, celebrate with success , This type of leadership enables the leaders to transform organization as they are hoi polloi oriented and success comes first. Transformational leadership alike lean to see the big picture, but not the details, which could cause failure and withal their followers are kept going away and may likewise cause them to give up. References Robbins, S. P. , Coulter, M. & Langton, M. (2009). Management (9th Canadian ed. ). Toronto Pearson learner Hall. Transformation leading. Retrieved on 15-3-2010 from http//changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/transformational_leadership. htm 2. What types of power are available in your current nursing situation? Which types do you use most ofttimes and why?The types of powers most often utilize by nurses are expert power and referent power. This is because nurses have expert power as they bear skill and knowledge professional specialized in nursing care that is relevant to the job or tasks. Public and patients look up on nurses f or quality of care and health knowledge for their expertise. Thus nurses have the power to influence patients as well as team members by exhibiting trust, honesty, credibility, business and integrity. Nurses also have referent power cosmos admired by patient, staff and students.Therefore those who admire nurses with referent power will be over power by the nurses and attempt to model behaviour and attitudes after them. This is because the followers believe the leader posses the quality that they would like to possess. Transactional leadership 72 rate or flag this page By Edi Kurnik picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic picA Z of leading A Z of Leadership How To Improve Your Leadership Skills By victimization The Same Secrets Great Leaders Like Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Alexander The Great employ To Inspire, Motivate and Persuade Virtually Anyone Related Hubs Leadership geniuss Quotes on Leadership picpic picpicpicTransactional Leadership Leadership style plays a crucial rol e in the development of an organization. Transactional leadership is of the leadership style that is often used by more companies. Transactional leadership believes that punishment and reward motivate people. This leadership also assumes that when people agree to do a particular assignment, a part of that agreement is that they give up all authority to their boss. The leader holds control and power over the subordinates.The main goal of the employee is to obey the orders of their managers. The idea is that when a subordinate takes up a job, he or she agrees to obey their manager totally. The transaction is the money or any other booty that the company pays to its subordinates for their compliance and effort. The relationship between the subordinate and the leader becomes transactional. In transactional leadership the leader has the mighty to punish his or her subordinates if their performance is not according to the shape standard. Transactional leadership makes clear that what is equired and expected from their subordinates. It also mentions that subordinates will get award if they follow the orders seriously. Sometimes punishments are not mentioned but they are understood. In the early horizontal surfaces of transactional leadership, subordinate is in the process of negotiating the contract. The contract specifies fixed wages and the benefits that will be given to the subordinate. Rewards are given to subordinates for applied effort. Some organization use incentives to encourage their subordinates for greater productivity.Transactional leadership is a way of increasing the performance of its subordinates by giving them rewards. Transactional leadership is also called as unbent leadership style as it focuses on short term goals instead of long term goals. In Transactional leadership, when the leader assigns work to its subordinates, thusly it is the responsibility of the subordinate to see that the assigned task is finished on time. If the assigned ta sk is not completed on time or if mostthing and so punishment is given for their failure.But if they accomplish the task in time and whence the subordinates are given reward for successfully terminate the task. Subordinates are also given award and praised for exceeding expectations. A subordinate whose performance is below expectation is punished and some action is interpreted to increase his or her performance. Transactional leadership has more of a telling style. Transactional leadership is based on the fact that reward or punishment is dependent on the performance. Even though researchers have elevatedlighted its bounds, transactional leadership is still used by many employers.More and more companies are adopting transactional leadership to increase the performance of its employees. This approach is prevalent in real workplace. The main limitation of this leadership is that it assumes that people are largely motivated by honest rewards. Under transactional leadership, em ployees sternt do much to improve job satisfaction. Transaction leadership has been ineffective in providing skilled employees to their organization. This style of leadership is least enkindle in changing the work environment. Experts do not recommend this approach.Transactional leadership focuses more on management of punishments and rewards. picRate it up down Transactional Leadership Disciplines Leadership Leadership styles Transactional Leadership Assumptions mien banter See also Assumptions tribe are motivated by reward and punishment. Social systems work surpass with a clear chain of command. When people have agreed to do a job, a part of the deal is that they cede all authority to their manager. The prime purpose of a subordinate is to do what their manager tells them to do. room The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby the subordinate is given a salary and other benefits, and the company (and by implication the subordinates manager) gets authority over the subordinate.When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully amenable for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding). The transactional leader often uses management by exception, working on the principle that if something is operating to defined (and hence expected) performance then it does not need attention.Exceptions to expectation require praise and reward for exceeding expectation, whilst some kind of correcti ve action is applied for performance below expectation. Whereas Transformational Leadership has more of a merchandising style, Transactional Leadership, once the contract is in place, takes a telling style. Discussion Transactional leadership is based in contingency, in that reward or punishment is contingent upon performance. Despite much research that highlights its limitations, Transactional Leadership is still a popular approach with many managers. Indeed, in the Leadership vs.Management spectrum, it is very much towards the management end of the scale. The main limitation is the assumption of quick-scented man, a person who is largely motivated by money and bare(a) reward, and hence whose behavior is predictable. The underlying psychology is Behaviorism, including the Classical Conditioning of Pavlov and Skinners operant Conditioning. These theories are largely based on controlled laboratory experiments (often with animals) and ignore analyzable emotional ingredients and so cial values. In practice, there is sufficient truth in Behaviorism to sustain Transactional approaches.This is reinforced by the supply-and-demand situation of much employment, twin with the effects of deeper needs, as in Maslows Hierarchy. When the demand for a skill outstrips the supply, then Transactional Leadership often is insufficient, and other approaches are more effective. See also Exchange principle, Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Disciplines Leadership Leadership styles Transformational Leadership Assumptions Style Discussion See also Assumptions People will follow a person who inspires them. A person with vision and passion squirt achieve great things.The way to get things done is by injecting earnestness and energy. Style Working for a Transformational Leader can be a grand and uplifting experience. They put passion and energy into everything. They care about you and want you to succeed. Developing the vision Transformational Leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future that will excite and convert potential followers. This vision may be developed by the leader, by the senior team or may emerge from a broad series of discussions. The important factor is the leader buys into it, hook, line and sinker. Selling the visionThe next step, which in fact never stops, is to constantly sell the vision. This takes energy and commitment, as few people will immediately buy into a radical vision, and some will join the show much more slowly than others. The Transformational Leader thus takes every opportunity and will use whatever works to allure others to climb on board the bandwagon. In order to create followers, the Transformational Leader has to be very careful in creating trust, and their personal integrity is a critical part of the package that they are selling. In effect, they are selling themselves as well as the vision.Finding the way forwards In parallel with the selling activity is seekin g the way forward. Some Transformational Leaders know the way, and simply want others to follow them. Others do not have a ready strategy, but will happily lead the geographic expedition of possible routes to the promised land. The route forwards may not be writ large and may not be plotted in details, but with a clear vision, the direction will always be known. Thus finding the way forward can be an ongoing process of descriptor correction, and the Transformational Leader will accept that there will be failures and dip canyons along the way.As long as they feel progress is being made, they will be happy. Leading the charge The final stage is to preserve up-front and central during the action. Transformational Leaders are always visible and will stand up to be counted rather than hide behind their troops. They show by their attitudes and actions how everyone else should behave. They also make continued efforts to motivate and rally their followers, constantly doing the rounds, listening, soothe and enthusing.It is their unswerving commitment as much as anything else that keeps people going, curiously through the darker times when some may question whether the vision can ever be achieved. If the people do not believe that they can succeed, then their efforts will flag. The Transformational Leader seeks to infect and reinfect their followers with a high level of commitment to the vision. One of the methods the Transformational Leader uses to sustain motivation is in the use of ceremonies, rituals and other cultural symbolism. Small changes get big hurrahs, pumping up their significance as indicators of real progress.Overall, they balance their attention between action that creates progress and the mental state of their followers. Perhaps more than other approaches, they are people-oriented and believe that success comes first and last through deep and bear on commitment. Discussion Whilst the Transformational Leader seeks overtly to transform the organiz ation, there is also a tacit promise to followers that they also will be transform in some way, perhaps to be more like this horrendous leader. In some respects, then, the followers are the product of the transformation.Transformational Leaders are often charismatic, but are not as narcissistic as pure Charismatic Leaders, who succeed through a belief in themselves rather than a belief in others. One of the traps of Transformational Leadership is that passion and confidence can easily be mistaken for truth and reality. Whilst it is true that great things have been achieved through enthusiastic leadership, it is also true that many passionate people have led the charge right over the cliff and into a bottomless chasm. Just because someone believes they are right, it does not mean they are right.Paradoxically, the energy that gets people going can also cause them to give up. Transformational Leaders often have large amounts of enthusiasm which, if relentlessly applied, can wear out t heir followers. Transformational Leaders also tend to see the big picture, but not the details, where the devil often lurks. If they do not have people to take care of this level of information, then they are usually doomed to fail. Finally, Transformational Leaders, by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated.Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies. See also Appeal principle, Bonding principle, reliance principle, Pull, The Leadership Challenge Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York vindicate Press. Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, (Winter) 19-31. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York Harper & path