Comparing Two Articles on Sleep Deprivation Essay -- comparison compar

Compare/Contrast Two Articles on Sleep Deprivation Many times people think they send away accomplish more if they could winnow out so much sleeping time. However, they are only hurting their productivity if they lose sleep. Two articles deal with the issue of sleep deprivation. The College Student Journal produce an article about the grade- shoot average of college students and sleep length, while U.S. intelligence service & World traverse produced an article dealing with the lack of sleep in America and its effect on performance. The articles gave different types of results from different kinds of data with different degrees of definiteness. In spite of their differences, both articles showed that lack of sleep is a cause for decreased performance and a detriment to a productive and healthy lifestyle. First, the article on college students showed that a correlation existed between different length of sleep time and grade point average. Students who were self-evaluated as long sleepers reported a mean grade point average .5 higher than those who were considered short sleepers (3.24 to 2.74). The article produced by U.S. New & World Report gave a similar situation. A recent study showed that people who had been awake for the last nineteen hours had scored the equivalent of a person with a blood alcoholic drink level of .08 (the legal limit in some states) on performance and alertness tests. In other tests, people that slept four hours a night scored set down and made more mistakes on judgment, response time, and attention tests. Each article gives evidence that reduced production is a result from deprivation of sleep. In addition, U.S. News reported many health concerns based on sleep experiments. Th... ...formats. U.S. News might have given a more comprehensive look on the issue but the outcomes were corresponding. Lack of sleep lowers intellectual performance and general health. If future data show similar results, people might have t o budge their current sleeping patterns to perform at their highest level. It might take serious dedication to set a schedule that allows one to go to bed on time. Over time it is well worth the effort. Changing ones sleeping patterns is a difficult task, but it is important to a healthy, productive lifestyle. The only lifestyle we can change is our own. Works Cited Brink, Susan. Sleepless Society. U.S. News & World Report 16 Oct. 2007 62-72. Kelly, William E., Kathryn E. Kelly, Robert C. Clanton. College Student Journal. Mar. 2008 84-86.

The Issues Surrounding the Amazon Rainforest Essay -- Environmental Am

The Issues Surrounding the Amazon Rainforest The battle for the Amazon rainforest is a daunting task. Its a long going battle between miners, loggers, and developers against the indigenous people who call it home. Its a battle like any battle in a war it affects stops, families, the economy, politics, and the environment amongst other things. The main topic of this debate is the effects of the Amazon deforestation on the people who live in it, this will be the focus of this research paper. In this paper, I will discuss the history, causes, effects and solutions for the Amazon rainforest deforestation.The environmental problems of today started a long time ago, before automobiles, electricity, and the Industrial Revolution. From ancient times to present day, humans oblige changed the world in which they live. As population increase and applied science advances, more significant and widespread problems arise. The Amazon rainforest has not been spared from this. The Amazon region ha s long been seen as a land of great riches. Early Europeans and others have long been fascinated by the Amazon, with early visions of a land of gold, the legend of El Dorado (Faminow 32). The European invasion bought with it the increased population and new technologies that had a drastic effect to the Amazonian region, which was once considered safe from exploitation. This problem has continued to the present, with higher consequences. Ehrlich explains, today, unprecedented demands on the environment from a rapidly expanding human population and from advancing technology are causing a continuing and accelerated decline in the quality of the environment and its ability to sustain life (98). As a result, the Amazon rainforest is being destroyed at an alarming rate, affecting all those that live in the region.To understand the scope of the changes taking place, Howard Facklam has come up with some staggering statistics, he says, it was estimated at one point in the 1980s that the Ama zon basin was being cleared at the rate of 50 acres a minute another estimate put the rate at 78,000 square miles per hear (53). These are astronomical numbers when you come to approximate of it, to put it into perspective, thats roughly the size of the state of Idaho. Such deforestation has an alarming affect, it means the loss of a multiplicity of products Food, fibers, medicine... ...e papers about it. It doesnt mean that the problem has gone away, its still very much alive. Its just not getting the coverage and attention it has before and thats where the shame lies. People need to know about this, the more the better. Its a valuable resource that mankind cannot afford to lose.BibliographyEhrlich, Anne et al. Earth. New York Watts. 2007.Facklam, Howard. Plants Extinction or Survival?. New Jersey Enslow. 2000.Faminow, Merle D. Cattle, Deforestation, and Development in the Amazon. New York CAB International. 2002.Gradwohl, Judith & Russel Greenburg. Saving the equatorial Forests . Washington D.C..Island Press. 2003.Hecht, Susanna. The Fate of the Forest. London. 2001.Hornaday, Anne. Earths exist Resources. Congressional Quarterly. 2 Sept. 2003 28-29.Linden, Eugene. Paradise Lost? Time. 19 July 2000 50-51.Smith, Duane A. My Trip to the Rain Forest. Mining America The Industry andThe Environment. 3 Sept. 2001 66.Stewart, Douglas Ian. After the Trees. Austin University of Texas Press 2004.Tropical Deforestation the human dimension. Ed. Leslie E. Sponsel. New YorkColumbia UP. 2006.

iSLAM :: essays research papers

Islam began when Muhammad went away and saw the angel Gabriel. He told Muhammad that he was Allahs it is how Muslims call god, Prophet. At first people didnt believe he was the Prophet of Allah. It was until after Muhammad died did Islam start to truly spread.     Islam also teaches that there is only one God. Muhammad calls all people to worship Allah, because He is kind and fair. On purpose day, he will come and judge everyone according to his or her actions. It is pretty much like the Catholic Church teaches. If you do wide things for others you will be rewarded and if you dont you will go to hell as a punishment.     And they (women) have rights (over their husbands as regards living expenses, etc.) similar (to those of their husbands) over them (as regards deference and respect, etc.) to what is reasonable, but men have a degree (of responsibility) over them. And Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise." (Al-Baqarah 2228) Muslims also have different perspectives on certain issues particularly in treating females and males the aforesaid(prenominal) way. Men are allowed to have four wives but must treat them with care and love. Men can divorce their wife/wives at any prison term they wish. Unfortunately, women arent allowed to do the same.     Muslims have Five Pillars of Faith which explain five major parts of Islam. The first on is on faith and says that there is no god except god and everyone can have. A message of guidance has come through a man like us. Salat are the prayers that are prayed five times a day which brings up the second one, Prayer. Muslims believe that the principles of Islam are only made by god and that money is up to populace only. Just like we have Lent and fasting, Muslims have dates similar to these. During the month of Ramadan Muslims must fast during the daylight. After the fast, it is followed by a feast to only the ones who stayed original to the fasting. And finall y, the fifth one is the pilgrimage or the Hajj. Every year, Muslims travel to Mecca, if they can afford it or are in good condition, and it is believed that it gives a preview of Judgment day.

Basic Techniques of Managing Deviance :: essays research papers

There are 5 basic techniques of managing deviance. There is secrecy, manipulating the physical setting, rationalizations, modify to non-deviance, and joining deviant subcultures. The act of secrecy is easily defined as the word itself. The deviant keeps secrets from those around them. The thought behind it being that if nobody constantly knows about their deviant behavior on that point is no one who can place negative sanctions upon the deviant. Next, manipulating the physical setting, the deviant chooses to avoid negative sanctions by look to be legitimate in their reasons for taking part in the act or situation. For example a prostitute may work under the simulation of being an escort or masseuse. Another technique of managing deviance is rationalizations. An example of a rationalization would be a shoplifter who justifies their actions by saying that the salt absent has insurance and can afford to suffer the loss. A fourth technique of managing deviance would be to make a change to non-deviance. For example, criminals will refer to the technique as going straight. The fifth and final technique of managing deviance is to join a deviant subculture. Joining the subculture makes the deviant feel like they are slight deviant because they are surrounded by their deviance.Using the example of a married man who cross-dresses at the bars after he gets off work, there are several techniques that he might occupy to manage his deviance. One technique that he might use would be secrecy he would seek to keep his normal life and his cross-dressing life separate. His wife may not even know about his alter-ego of sorts. Another technique he might employ would be joining a deviant subculture. By assimilating with fellow cross-dressers at a bar he may feel that the act is slight deviant, or even normal. The third technique I would imagine the man would use would be manipulating the physical setting. By only cross-dressing when he is at the bar, away from his co-wo rkers and family he aids in the secrecy of his deviance. He may say that the cross-dressing is just a gimmick or comical act and not restrain to doing it for his pleasure.

Comparing the Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses Essays

The Black phonograph album and Rush swoons The Satanic Verses British writer C.C. Colton once claimed, Men will wrangle for religion write for it fight for it die for it anything but--live for it (Copeland 345). Indeed, if nothing else, Hanif Kureishis The Black Album shows the depths to which heap concern themselves with needions of religion, ethnicity, and the identity associated with them. Kureishis themes and symbolism work within a bigger context of the politics of identity, race, and nationality. Salman Rushdies The Satanic Verses and the larger religious question associated with it, serve to alter the British community between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as to polarize people livelihood liberation and those supporting containment. Combined with other cultural references, Kureishi uses the literary allusion to create his themes and symbolism. The question of the racial, religious, and socioeconomic identity of Shahid becomes a central question posed as Shahid undergoes translation from his Pakistani ancestry to his desired identity as a Briton. Shahids translation parallels the translations of the former Asian colonies of Britain into their new postcolonial identities. Unfortunately for Shahid, the struggle over The Satanic Verses catches him as he is translating himself, presenting him with a series of tough choices. The quest for identity in Indo-English writing has emerged as a recurrent theme, as it is in much of modern lit (Pathak preface). Indeed, often the individuals identity and his quest for it becomes so bound up in the national quest for identity, that the individuals search for his identity becomes allegorical of the national search (Pathak pr... ...pular Quotations for any Uses. Garden City, New York Garden City, 1942. Gorra, Michael. after(prenominal) Empire Scott, Naipul, Rushdie. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1997. Kureishi, Hanif. The Black Album. New York Simon, 1995. Lings, Martin. Muhammad His Life Ba sed on the Earliest Sources. rewrite edition. Bartlow, Cambridge, UK Islamic Texts Society, 1991. Pathak, R.S., ed. Quest for Identity in Indian English Writing. New Delhi Bahri, 1992. Rusdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. First Owl Book edition. New York Henry Holt, 1997. Saynor, pile. Rev. of The Black Album, by Hanif Kureishi. The New Statesman & Society, March 3, 1995, p. 40(2). Wilkie, Brian, and James Hurt. Literature of the Western World. 2nd edition. In Galloway, Stan. The House of Bernarda Alba. http//www.bridgewater.edu/sgallowa/203/alba-notes.htm, April 26, 1999. Comparing the Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses EssaysThe Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses British writer C.C. Colton once claimed, Men will wrangle for religion write for it fight for it die for it anything but--live for it (Copeland 345). Indeed, if nothing else, Hanif Kureishis The Black Album shows the depths to which people concern themselves with questions o f religion, ethnicity, and the identity associated with them. Kureishis themes and symbolism work within a larger context of the politics of identity, race, and nationality. Salman Rushdies The Satanic Verses and the larger religious question associated with it, serve to polarize the British community between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as to polarize people supporting liberation and those supporting containment. Combined with other cultural references, Kureishi uses the literary allusion to create his themes and symbolism. The question of the racial, religious, and socioeconomic identity of Shahid becomes a central question posed as Shahid undergoes translation from his Pakistani ancestry to his desired identity as a Briton. Shahids translation parallels the translations of the former Asian colonies of Britain into their new postcolonial identities. Unfortunately for Shahid, the struggle over The Satanic Verses catches him as he is translating himself, presenting him with a series of tough choices. The quest for identity in Indo-English writing has emerged as a recurrent theme, as it is in much of modern literature (Pathak preface). Indeed, often the individuals identity and his quest for it becomes so bound up in the national quest for identity, that the individuals search for his identity becomes allegorical of the national search (Pathak pr... ...pular Quotations for All Uses. Garden City, New York Garden City, 1942. Gorra, Michael. After Empire Scott, Naipul, Rushdie. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1997. Kureishi, Hanif. The Black Album. New York Simon, 1995. Lings, Martin. Muhammad His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Revised edition. Bartlow, Cambridge, UK Islamic Texts Society, 1991. Pathak, R.S., ed. Quest for Identity in Indian English Writing. New Delhi Bahri, 1992. Rusdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. First Owl Book edition. New York Henry Holt, 1997. Saynor, James. Rev. of The Black Album, by Hanif Kureishi. The New States man & Society, March 3, 1995, p. 40(2). Wilkie, Brian, and James Hurt. Literature of the Western World. 2nd edition. In Galloway, Stan. The House of Bernarda Alba. http//www.bridgewater.edu/sgallowa/203/alba-notes.htm, April 26, 1999.

Comparing the Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses Essays

The Black phonograph album and Rush drop deads The Satanic Verses British writer C.C. Colton once claimed, Men will wrangle for religion write for it fight for it die for it anything but--live for it (Copeland 345). Indeed, if nothing else, Hanif Kureishis The Black Album shows the depths to which hatful concern themselves with call forions of religion, ethnicity, and the identity associated with them. Kureishis themes and symbolism work within a larger context of the politics of identity, race, and nationality. Salman Rushdies The Satanic Verses and the larger religious question associated with it, serve to polarise the British community between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as to polarize people sustenance liberation and those supporting containment. Combined with other cultural references, Kureishi uses the literary allusion to create his themes and symbolism. The question of the racial, religious, and socioeconomic identity of Shahid becomes a central quest ion posed as Shahid undergoes translation from his Pakistani ancestry to his desired identity as a Briton. Shahids translation parallels the translations of the former Asian colonies of Britain into their new postcolonial identities. Unfortunately for Shahid, the struggle over The Satanic Verses catches him as he is translating himself, presenting him with a series of tough choices. The quest for identity in Indo-English writing has emerged as a recurrent theme, as it is in much of modern books (Pathak preface). Indeed, often the individuals identity and his quest for it becomes so bound up in the national quest for identity, that the individuals search for his identity becomes allegorical of the national search (Pathak pr... ...pular Quotations for both Uses. Garden City, New York Garden City, 1942. Gorra, Michael. after(prenominal) Empire Scott, Naipul, Rushdie. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1997. Kureishi, Hanif. The Black Album. New York Simon, 1995. Lings, Martin. Muh ammad His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. revise edition. Bartlow, Cambridge, UK Islamic Texts Society, 1991. Pathak, R.S., ed. Quest for Identity in Indian English Writing. New Delhi Bahri, 1992. Rusdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. First Owl Book edition. New York Henry Holt, 1997. Saynor, crowd together. Rev. of The Black Album, by Hanif Kureishi. The New Statesman & Society, March 3, 1995, p. 40(2). Wilkie, Brian, and James Hurt. Literature of the Western World. 2nd edition. In Galloway, Stan. The House of Bernarda Alba. http//www.bridgewater.edu/sgallowa/203/alba-notes.htm, April 26, 1999. Comparing the Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses EssaysThe Black Album and Rushdies The Satanic Verses British writer C.C. Colton once claimed, Men will wrangle for religion write for it fight for it die for it anything but--live for it (Copeland 345). Indeed, if nothing else, Hanif Kureishis The Black Album shows the depths to which people concern th emselves with questions of religion, ethnicity, and the identity associated with them. Kureishis themes and symbolism work within a larger context of the politics of identity, race, and nationality. Salman Rushdies The Satanic Verses and the larger religious question associated with it, serve to polarize the British community between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as to polarize people supporting liberation and those supporting containment. Combined with other cultural references, Kureishi uses the literary allusion to create his themes and symbolism. The question of the racial, religious, and socioeconomic identity of Shahid becomes a central question posed as Shahid undergoes translation from his Pakistani ancestry to his desired identity as a Briton. Shahids translation parallels the translations of the former Asian colonies of Britain into their new postcolonial identities. Unfortunately for Shahid, the struggle over The Satanic Verses catches him as he is transla ting himself, presenting him with a series of tough choices. The quest for identity in Indo-English writing has emerged as a recurrent theme, as it is in much of modern literature (Pathak preface). Indeed, often the individuals identity and his quest for it becomes so bound up in the national quest for identity, that the individuals search for his identity becomes allegorical of the national search (Pathak pr... ...pular Quotations for All Uses. Garden City, New York Garden City, 1942. Gorra, Michael. After Empire Scott, Naipul, Rushdie. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1997. Kureishi, Hanif. The Black Album. New York Simon, 1995. Lings, Martin. Muhammad His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Revised edition. Bartlow, Cambridge, UK Islamic Texts Society, 1991. Pathak, R.S., ed. Quest for Identity in Indian English Writing. New Delhi Bahri, 1992. Rusdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. First Owl Book edition. New York Henry Holt, 1997. Saynor, James. Rev. of The Black Album, by Hanif Kureishi. The New Statesman & Society, March 3, 1995, p. 40(2). Wilkie, Brian, and James Hurt. Literature of the Western World. 2nd edition. In Galloway, Stan. The House of Bernarda Alba. http//www.bridgewater.edu/sgallowa/203/alba-notes.htm, April 26, 1999.

Illustration Paragraph Essay

So, lets suppose that you have done some brainstorming to break off your thesis. What else should you keep in mind as you begin to micturate separates? Every paragraph in a paper should beUnifiedAll of the condemnations in a single paragraph should be tie in to a single supreme estimate (often expressed in the yield sentence of the paragraph). Clearly related to the thesisThe sentences should exclusively refer to the central idea, or thesis, of the paper (Rosen and Behrens 119). CoherentThe sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development (Rosen and Behrens 119). Well-developedEvery idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and inside information that work in concert to explain the paragraphs controlling idea (Rosen and Behrens 119). topRead moreHow many sentences in a paragraph for college.How do I organise a paragraph?There are many different ways to organize a paragraph. The organization you choose leave behind depend on the controlling idea of the paragraph. Below are a few possibilities for organization, with brief examples.Narration Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish. (See an example.) Description Provide specific details about what something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, or feels like. Organize spatially, in order of appearance, or by return. (See an example.) Process formulate how something works, step by step. Perhaps follow a seasonfirst, second, third. (See an example.) Classification Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a topic. (See an example.) Illustration Give examples and explain how those examples prove your point. (See the detailed example in the future(a) section of this handout.) 5-step exploit to paragraph developmentLets walk through a 5-step process to building a paragraph. Each step of the process will include an write up of the step and a bit of model text to illustrate how the step works. Our finished model paragraph will be about slave spirituals, the original verses that African Americans created during slavery. The model paragraph uses illustration (giving examples) to prove its point.Step 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentenceParagraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea directs the paragraphs development. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraphs controlling idea. Here is the controlling idea for our model paragraph, expressed in a topic sentence molding controlling idea and topic sentence Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings.Step 2. Explain the controlling ideaParagraph development continues with an expression of the rationale or the explanation that the writer gives for how the reader should interpret the information presented in the idea statement or topic sen tence of the paragraph. The writer explains his/her thinking about the principal(prenominal) topic, idea, or focus of the paragraph. Heres the sentence that would follow the controlling idea about slave spirituals Model explanationOn one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soulfulness but on another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance.Step 3. Give an example (or multiple examples)Paragraph development progresses with the expression of some example of support or evidence for the idea and the explanation that came before it. The example serves as a sign or representation of the relationship established in the idea and explanation portions of the paragraph. Here are ii examples that we could use to illustrate the double meanings in slave spiritualsModel example A For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song O Canaan, Sweet Canaan spoke of slaves longing for heaven, but it also expressed their desire to escape to the North. Careful listeners hear d thissecond meaning in the following lyrics I dont expect to stay / Much longer here. / Run to Jesus, shun the danger. / I dont expect to stay.Model example B Slaves even used songs like Steal Away to Jesus (at midnight) to announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden meetings.Step 4. Explain the example(s)The next movement in paragraph development is an explanation of each example and its relevancy to the topic sentence and rationale that were stated at the ancestry of the paragraph. This explanation shows readers why you chose to use this/or these particular examples as evidence to support the major claim, or focus, in your paragraph.Continue the pattern of giving examples and explaining them until all points/examples that the writer deems necessary have been made and explained. NONE of your examples should be left unexplained. You might be able to explain the relationship between the example and the topic sentence in the same sentence which introduced the ex ample. More often, however, you will need to explain that relationship in a separate sentence. Look at these explanations for the two examples in the slave spirituals paragraphModel explanation for example A When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their departure from this life and their arrival in heaven however, they also could have been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not to Jesus, but to the North.Model explanation for example BThe relationship between example B and the main idea of the paragraphs controlling idea is clear enough without adding another sentence to explain it.Step 5. Complete the paragraphs idea or transition into the next paragraphThe final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose endsof the paragraph and reminding the reader of the relevance of the information in this paragraph to the main or controlling idea of the paper. At this point, you can remind your reader about the relevance of the informatio n that you scantily discussed in the paragraph. You might feel more comfortable, however, simply transitioning your reader to the next development in the next paragraph. Heres an example of a sentence that completes the slave spirituals paragraphModel sentence for completing a paragraph What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to sing what they could not say.Notice that the example and explanation steps of this 5-step process (steps 3 and 4) can be repeated as needed. The idea is that you continue to use this pattern until you have completely developed the main idea of the paragraph.Narration, description, process, clasification, illustrationtopics sentence,controlling idea,give example,explain,complete,transition

Morning After Pill

Morning after-pill ( lay out) or plan B is an emergency pill that stop a woman from becoming pregnant if contraception failed or wasnt apply. The morning after pill works best if taken inwardly 24 hours of unprotected sex. Medics reason that plan Bs efficacy is up 70% and its effectiveness up to 72 hours thither after its efficacy is non known. (http//www.netdoctor.co.k/whoisd.html). It is noneworthy that the earlier its taken the better. Examples of medicine currently used include lev nonpareillle one step in UK and postinor2 in most Africa states.The pills contain a female-type hormone such as levorgestrel. Other names used to refer to typify include post-coital pill (PCP) and emergency contraceptive (EC)-emergency because it is not used to a lower place normal circumstances and has stricter conditions under which they brush off be used for exercise, the postinor2 mostly used in Africa states can only be used once within every menstrual cycle.Remember make up cannot wor k if one is already pregnant and therefore it is not an abortion-causing drug. MAP works in two possible ways preventing ovaries from releasing egg or altering the lining of the womb so a fertilized egg wont be implanted.I want to argue that MAP must be make readily available to interested consumers. Let us first consider the categories of mountain who use it and their circumstances.1) Rape victimsA lady may be raped during her fertile days such unplanned and unprotected sex may result in unwanted maternalism. An instance such as this justifies the use of MAP. MAP would help prevent pregnancy, which may alleviate the possibility of abortion (as the one raped may opt for it), and the dismay a child who is as a result of rape may face from parent(s).2) Women who have been lured into sex while under the influence of emotional whims or drugs. Women under such influence of drug and alcohol may find themselves having unprotected sex. Men may want to take advantage of them. Once such w omen regain sobriety, MAP may be handy in preventing anxiety and pregnancy. Everyone will agree that at some point in their life, at least(prenominal) every woman, because of circumstances such as the ones we have, may lose their sobriety. Isnt it kind of medics for providing such women an alternative and possibility for preventing unwanted pregnancy?3) Lovers or a couple may suffer condom burst/breakage. If this happens, without MAP there would be no otherwise easy way of preventing pregnancy. The fact that such people were using a condom implies that they never wanted conception to occur. Isnt MAP a relief to most couples?I will reiterate that MAP does not induce abortion and therefore Christians opposed to abortion and other pro-life activists have no reason to be indifferent. As a emergence of fact, they should advocate for it as it has come in to reduce cases of abortion emanating from rape, condom burst and unplanned sexual intercourse. When these happen, MAP provides the c onsolation that, its not too late, there is plan B.With advancement in the medical field unlike the older MAP, todays pills cause very little side-effects. Statistics envision that one woman in every 60 actually vomits. Other mild side effects include tummy ache, breast tenderness, dizziness and vaginal spot of blood. These side effects are less severe as compared with the risks of not using MAP. Critics of MAP detect there is no need for one to survey themselves to such side effects but the risks in not using it may be too heavy to bear. MAP can be used by a greater percentage of women apart from for instance those with porphyria and severe liver problems.Having explored MAP, we should be right to state that access to it must be made easy. Local pharmacists should be allowed to stock it and allow clients to buy it without necessarily needing a doctors prescription. (American medical exam Association, 2006 Ellertson, Trussell, Stewart &Winikoff, 1998). After all, the side effec ts are not problematic are again most ladies are knowledgeable of how to use it and for what purposes. Although others feel this may prompt its abuse but we can argue that Pharmacists can chat with client quickly about it to know whether they understand its appropriate use and the side effects.Its encouraging to learn that in America, an over-the-counter deal of the morning after contraceptive pill to those over 18 has been approved. Abortion rights advocates hailed this although many bemoaned the age restrict. We are pleased that a common sense common-ground agendum for reducing unintended pregnancy and the need for abortion finally won out. Said Kinsten Moore, President of the reproductive health technology project, Washington. (www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/health/24cnd-pill.htm)Anti-abortion groups feel plan B is an abortion pill whose widespread availability would lead to increased STD. Other abortion rights pushed for over-the-counter availability of plan B disputation that it s availability would sharply reduce the newly 1 million abortions performed annually in USA but this may not be true as studies suggest that in the USA, couples have so much unprotected sex. EC dont work if are kept in the draw and studies show that even if women have pills on hand, the drawer is where they remain. Says Dr James Trussell, Princeton University. But Dr Raines says, Unintended pregnancy rates have been dropping over the last decade. Plan B will contribute to further decline. (www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/health/24cnd-pill.htm)The term morning after pill is inmost cases misleading in its effectiveness. ItsNot snow% and only works up to 70%. Therefore some women have unprotected sex hoping to use MAP but unfortunately they end up becoming pregnant and this may lead to abortion or disorient ones family plan. Some women are opposed to it because it doesnt protect them from pregnancy for the rest of their menstrual cycle. It therefore compels them to abstain from sex or use a barrier method like a condom. Again, it is believed that MAP is not effective at protecting ectopic pregnancy (EP) (Stewart and Van Look, 1998 P142).Incase it causes EP, then the repercussions quite expensive and ladies who know what having an ectopic pregnancy tend to oppose MAP. However, as per now EP caused by MAP would be just like any other accident and so far medical researchers havent link up MAP directly to EP unless research proves it. We should not jump into conclusion.Again no research has shown any increase in abnormities among babies whose mothers took MAP. Some people argue against MAP on the basing that past experience does show that other hormones taken in early pregnancy have harmed children. But instead of using assumptions, focused studies should be done to establish the connection between MAP and babies abnormalities and EP. Otherwise, we will not have a firm ground to stand and argue that simply because other hormones have caused abnormalities, MAP too cause s it. It may be an exceptionThe intra-uterine device (IUDS)/the coil is an alternative for MAP. Unfortunately only few medical specialists are skilful in fitting them efficiently. Again the intra-uterine device may make one anemic because of the volume and length of menstrual flow. Insertion is touchy and painful for women and has to a greater extent restrictions, which include heart value problems, previous EP and pelvic infection. (Bucar, 1999). This makes MAP to remain the most appropriate and least expensive. So opposing its use and making it difficult to access only makes it strenuous for women.I believe every one should be in control of their life. A medicine such as MAP gives women more means to control and plan for their lives. Arguing against MAP is like arguing that family planning should be done away with to allow chance and character to rein it an arena that it otherwise shouldnt.In conclusion, the current price range of $25-$40 should be lowered and possibly subsidized by the federal governments. Arrangements should be made and possibilities explored on providing emergency contraception for free like its done in some parts of the UK. Youth advisory clinics, family planning clinics, college health centers, STD clinics and go into clinics must seek to stock and make readily available MAP at a lowest cost possible.Work cited1. American Medical Association, Council on Medical Service. Access to Emergency ContraceptionH-75.985 Chicago, IL AMA, 20062. Bucar, L. Caution Catholic Health Restrictions May Be Hazardous to Your Health. Washington, DC Catholics for a remedy Choice, 1999.3. Devin, D. Contraceptive coils (IUDS) http//www.netdoctor.co.k/whoisd.htmlAccessed online on 24 November 2007 15042 GMT.4. Ellertson, C., Trussell, J., Stewart F.H, Winikoff, B. Should emergency contraceptivepills be available without a prescription? Journal of the America Medical Womens Association. 1998 53 (5, Supplement 2) 226-229.5. Gardiner Harris, 24thAug 2006.In bl eak York Times.http//www.nytims.com/2006/08/24/heath/24end-pill.html. Accessed online on23rd, Nov. 20076. Stewart F, Van Look P.F.A. Emergency contraception Contraceptive Technology.17th revised edition. New York Irvington, 1998.

Human Cognitive Development Essay

The paper is designed to discuss human cognitive developing through the prism of various perspectives. Apriori, developmental psychology is nowadays dominated by Piagets views, so the essay provides a detailed examination of his theory, including it canonic assumptions, the connection between human physiology and cognitive development and the four stages of progress of cognitive abilities sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational.Beyond the major focus, the essay similarly discusses four alternative arisees to cognitive development, including relevant research, conducted by the founders and followers of rational-constructivist, social learning, information-processing and sociocultural perspectives and the differences between traditional Piagetian views and these alternative positions.The author uses three articles from antithetical psychology-oriented journals Personal cognitive development and its implications for teaching and learning be Ferrari and Mahalingam (1998), Commentary on Vygotsky by Jean Piaget (2000) and the article, written almost immediately after the way out of Piagets stage theory The development of formal operations in logical and moral judgment by Kuhn, Langer, Kohlberg, and Haan.Developmental psychology is a extensive area of knowledge that seeks to explore and explain various aspects of human psychosocial development, including its moral, emotional and cognitive components (Ferrari and Mahalingam, 1998). Cognitive development refers to the development of human intellect, abstractive, critical and creative mentation that provide successful cognition and comprehension of the homo of objects.The most prominent and popular theory of human cognitive development was created by Jean Piaget, whose approach to the progress in this context is constructivist, so that the scholar views the construction of cognitive abilities as self-motivated action (Piaget, 2000). As Kuhn et al (1977) assume, Piagets research methods are base primarily on case studies they were descriptive. While some of his ideas are supported through more correlational and experimental methodologies, others are not.For example, Piaget believes that biological development drives the motion from one cognitive stage to the next (Kuhn et al, 1977, p. 98). Nevertheless, although Piagets investigation basically refers to physiology rather than psychology, the scholar manages to link biological and cognitive progress through the exposition of the transformation of reflexes into formal operations. Initially, he describes two major processes that occur in individual when adapting to the environs assimilation and accommodation.Both of them condition the complication of their manner of adaptation and therefore determine cognitive development (Piaget, 2000). Accommodation refers to the alteration of cognitive abilities in response to the requirements of the environment for the purpose of gaining something from the surroundin g world. Assimilation, in turn, refers to the transformation of the environment with further placing it into preexisting cognitive schemes and constructs (Piaget, 2000).Due to the fact that life situation and the corresponding requirements from the environment tend to complicate through the life course, the individual is hale to respond to complex stimuli and construct hierarchical cognitive structures (for instance, from general to concrete) (Piaget, 2000 Ferrari and Mahalingam, 1998). Piaget distinguishes and describes four stages of cognitive development. Sensorimotor stage, or infancy lasts from the birth to 2 years, has six sub-stages, associated with slack development of reflexes, focus of vision and coordination in movements.Intelligence is manifested through the progress in motor activity, but the individual uses no social symbols (e. g. language) during this period. The exploration of world is very dynamic, but the related knowledge remains limited because of the weak cog nitive abilities. The outcomes of this stage are the emergence of basic creativity or perspicacity (understanding of pictures and language) as well as the progress of symbolic abilities (Piaget, 2000).

17 Words That Changed My Life Forever

I remember several years back I perceive something that budged my aliveness forever. Up until that point I had been struggling through life ? doing everything the hard demeanor. I couldn? figure come out why my life wasn? going the way I felt it should be. I saw some people going through life effortlessly and appearingly with less tension and frustration dapple I was wondering if I could ever straighten out the mess my life had turned out to be. I was behind on my dreams, my promises, and my bills.Then angiotensin converting enzyme day I was listening to a tape and the lady was talking about the power of having dreams and goals and completely of the otherwise stuff that those motivational speakers talk about. By that point I had listened to hundreds of such tapes, but it seemed as if nothing worked for me. Probably the only reason I was listening to that one was because I had developed a habit of listening to cas executete tapes while driving my car. The statement the lady said was simple and I think I had even checkd it somewhere onward but this time a light bulb went on in my head.I remember stopping the tape and rewinding it over and over again to hear the 17 words she said. I couldn? believe it was so basic and simple. I was feel for something sophisticated and complicated. I thought I had to attend a $10,000 seminar. I didn? know I could find it on a $10 tape program. I? taking the time to tell you all of this preliminary information because when I tell you the 17 words, I really want you to get it and get it NOW Because if you get it NOW, your life entrust never be the same.You will be using the same precept that all who have became wealthy before you have used. Even those who became wealthy and can? tell you how they did use this same principle without even being aw atomic number 18 of what they are doing. Well, are you ready for the 17 words that made a powerful and positive impact on my life and on the life of tens of thousands of individ uals who have achieved unimaginable success? Of course you are? Well, here they are? For things to change, you essential get a photo of what you want them to change to. Yes, it? as simple as it sounds and as easy as it seems?Don? try to make it any complicated than this because it will only frustrate you. You must know exactly what you want and the more specific and clear you can get, the better. This is important because Human Beings are Teleological in nature? In other words, we run for towards the pictures we constantly hold in our minds. Let me give you an example? Suppose you went to the store and bought a 1,000-piece jigsaw puzzle but it didn? have a picture on the box of what the end result should look like. Would you have a much harder time putting the picture together? Of course.You may eventually figure it out however, the person who has a clear picture of what the end result should look like will be more than 100 times ahead of you. The question is are they 100 times ahead of you because their IQ is 100 times greater? Is it because they are 100 times better looking than you? Maybe it? because they live 100 times closer to the person who created the puzzle? Ohh, I know ? they were one of the first students to compress the Evelyn Woods mind-expanding speed-reading and lore course right? If none of this is true then what it?Yes, the person who had the clear and specific picture of what the outcome was supposed to be was simply operating in accordance to how our brain works. It moves towards the pictures we hold in our mind. It? interesting because once you know exactly what it is you are moving towards, you seem to automatically know the steps to take or the indispensable steps will soon become noticeable. Your brain, operating similar to a magnet, will start to attract in your direction the conditions, people, and portion that will help you move loser to the mental picture you maintain in your mind and it will repel all of those things that d o not match to the picture you have in your mind. Therefore, the people who are clear and specific about what they want are using the powers of the Universe to assist them. This is, indeed, an awesome power. A person who knows how and uses this awesome power of the Universe to his or her advantage is a person who is working smart. A person who struggles every day trying to move closer to the success that they have no idea how it? upposed to look is a person who is working hard. Based on your observations over the years, do you think that around people are working hard or working smart? People who just work hard day in and day out without a clear picture of what they are moving towards are about as exciting as a tulip. Even though they may seem to be willing to work hard and put in the hours, they don? seem to have much life in them. And people want to equal people who seem to have some life in them. If they want to find people who don? eem to have much life in them, all they have to do is go to their job. People will follow people who look like they know where they are going and look like they are excited about the journey. You must understand that your strength comes from knowing what you want. This will ignite the fire inside of you and enable you to borrow from the promise of the future so you can engage in the activities today that will move you closer and closer to what you want. It will enable you to go through the trials and tribulations that may be necessary so you can arrive at your destination.But remember the journey will be more important than the destination because in the journey you will become the person you require to become to finally arrive at your destination. So when you reach your destination, look at the person you have become and set a new destination so you can continue to grow and develop. Whatever you do, just always remember that for things to change, you must get a picture of what you want them to change to. These are the 17 Wor ds that Changed My Life Forever? Why not allow them to change yours too? Until Next time? Go, Go, Go

Doctor Zhivago

http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/562734/ one-man rule http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago Stalinism in Russia The novel Doctor Zhivago, although it contains passages written in the 1910s and 1920s, was non completed until 1956. The novel was submitted to the literary ledger Novy Mir. However, the editors declined Pasternaks novel because of its embedded rejection of socialist realism. The author, much like Zhivago in the story, showed more concern for the interests of individuals than for the welf atomic number 18 of the social order.Soviet censors interpreted some passages as anti-communist and more idealistic. They were likewise infuriated by Pasternaks understated disparagement of Stalinism and his references to the Gulag. In 1957, an Italian publisher, Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, organized for the novel to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union by Isaiah Berlin. Much to the Soviet Unions dismay, Feltrinelli simultaneously published copies in both Russian and in It alian. Demand for Doctor Zhivago was so great Feltrinelli was up to(p) to authorize translation rights into eighteen different languages long sooner the novels publication.The commie Party of Italy debarred Feltrinelli from their association in retribution for his role in the publication of a novel they felt was vital for communism. On the other hand, the novel topped international bestseller lists, the British MI6 and the American CIA commenced an operation to ensure Doctor Zhivago was correctly submitted to the Nobel Committee. It was cognise that a Nobel Prize for Boris Pasternak would seriously damage the international integrity of the Soviet Union.In result to this, British and American operatives seized and photographed a manuscript of the novel and privately printed a small number of books in the Russian language. These were submitted to the Nobel Committees surprised judges just ahead of the deadline. The fictional story, Doctor Zhivago, is about a physician and poet name d Doctor Yuri Zhivago, who lives during the get-go half of the 20th century in Russia. In this story, Yuri Zhivagos brother, Yevgraf, a Russian general, relays the story of his brother Yuri to a teen girl, Tonya Komarovskaya.Yevgraf believes Tonya is Yuris daughter, who was unknowingly delinquent when she was a small child. He first asks Tonya if she can recall anything about her mother. When she said she could not remember he tries to convince her by starting at the beginning of Yuris story. To understand Yuris life tale and how it relates to Stalinism, one must know the major themes of the novel loneliness, companionship, individuality, community, corruption and revolution. Yuris story begins when he was a small child, his mother died and he had been taken in by the Gromekos, who were family friends.With the loss of his mother, Yuri, must kick in felt alone until he began to develop a relationship with the Gromekos daughter, Tonya. As Yuri and Tonya grew up, it was anticipated they would marry. When they finally married, Yuri needed to leave to help the wounded soldiers in the Russian Civil War. There he met Laura, a woman who had volunteered for the war so she could find her husband, Pasha. She became a nurse, assisting Yuri with the injured. They began to build a relationship during their time together, though it started friendly, it soon became romantic.About the time they were going to be loss for home they made a promise to each other, promising that they will not lie about their friendship. The film shows a vase of sunflowers as Laura and the soldiers leave Zhivago behind. These flowers argon a symbol of the relationship Yuri had with Laura the flowers were in full bloom when Laura was there but when she departed they began to wilt, like Yuris heart. When Yuris arrived at the Gromekos house, excessively his home, there were other state living in the large house.These people were told to live there by the Soviet political relation because the ho use was too crowing for just the Gromeko family. During his time back in his own home he is asked, by a Soviet official, to go in secret to the home of a dying man. Zhivago goes and takes a look at the man and determines the cause of his illness. He says the cause of the mans illness is something they dont have in Russia, starvation. When he says this to the official he says it in such(prenominal) a way that shows the communist are either blind for they dont care. Zhivago is an idealist and accordingly does not like the Communists and in return his behavior is noticed.One night when Yuri comes home he sees that Tonya had put out the fire in their home because they did not have enough fuel. To solve their fuel problems he goes immaterial and takes wood from a nearby fence. Watching from a distance is Yevgraf, who decides not to arrest his brother eventide though he had arrested better men for lesser crimes. Instead he follows his brother back to his home. He comes into the house and this is how Yuri tack togethers his brother. Before Yevgraf leaves he tells Yuri, the government does not like his poetry because it shows individuality. Yevgraff warns them, telling them they should leave Moscow.Yuri and his family get on a train to leave Moscow and go to Varykino. The people on the train are all poor and quite but one of the men was very vocal in his disapproval of revolution. Before the train left a Communist soldier was telling the people on the train how they were on the train and that the work they would be asked to do was all voluntary. The vocal man shouted at him saying it was a lie. Later in the train ride, they come to a stop as Strelnikovs train comes past theirs. Strelikov, or Pasha, was an idealist before the Civil War, but he soon became one of the communists.Yuri get off of his train while they are stopped and he runs through the wood and comes crossways the Strelnikov train. The Red Army soldiers take him to Pasha, where the two men finally me et. Yuri informs Pasha that Laura is still alive and how it was that he and Laura had met. He also said she was in Yuriatin. What incomplete of the two men knew was that Laura was being watched. The people that were watching, the White Army, Laura were hoping Strelnikov would come go home to his wife, they wanted to kill him. Pasha was killed when he was found just outside of Yuriatin.Victor Kamarovsky found Laura and Yuri in Yuris old home, he told them he had a train that would take them out of Russia where they would be safe. At first neither Yuri would not go because he did not want to leave Russia and Laura would not leave without Yuri. When Victor told Yuri what happened to Pasha Yuri decided he would go for Lauras sake. Laura and her daughter took the resembling slay as Victor but there was no room for Yuri. He told Laura he would follow on there slay and he would meet up at the train. Before they leave Yuri gave Laura the Balalaika. This was a sign that Yuri had no intenti ons of leaving Russia.On the train Laura admits to Victor she is caring Yuris baby. This child is later inadvertently abandoned by Victor. The Russian government was corrupted on one hand they had the Bolsheviks who were communist and tried to sugar coat the political and economical faults, such as, starvation, poverty and homelessness. While on the other hand, there was the White Army, who were a democratic party wanting to reveal the corruption for what it was. This split in the government led to the Russian Civil War. In the end the Bolsheviks won the war and took hold of the government.When power was given to the Bolsheviks they ruled with a method created by Joseph Stalin. Stalinism is the technique used by Joseph Stalin, who was part of the Soviet Communist Party and was the state leader from 1929 until he died in 1953. Stalinism is accompanied with an establishment of consternation and totalitarian rule. In a party dominated by intellectuals and rhetoricians, Stalin stood fo r an ideal approach to revolution, barren of ideological sentiment. Once power was given to the Bolshevik, the party leadership happily left Stalin the tasks involving the boring details of party and state administration.Yuris story relays what life was like under Stalins communist rule. The solitude the people of Russia felt, the need for individuality and the corruption they saw in the government these were the things the communists were trying to hide. The communist wanted the people to see companionship with their community and that they needed the revolution. Pasternaks novel was an idealists point of view of the Russian government and was everything the Bolsheviks did not want the public to read. It showed how the Bolsheviks were trying to control the emotions and personalities of the people.

Extra Curricular Activities

Megan Gilmore Mrs. Jones AP English 11 January 30, 2012 Students Behavior and Extra Curricular Activities bothwhere the course of my high school career, I yield encountered many different types of people and have learned that the opinions of each are as varied as the individuals they correspond with. Every single one has his or her own perception closely staying after school for a multitude of reasons and activities. Some, like me, have a stronger opinion than others. I maintain the belief that, when a savant stays after school, he non solitary(prenominal) experiences benefits mentally but also physically.A play of researchers have questioned, hypothesized, and examined the effects of after-school(prenominal) activities on childrens health as well as on their grades. Studies have been comp permited over the past some decades, and many interesting facts have been discovered. One example being a big increase in the number of school children participating in after-school progra ms 8. 4 million youngsters compared with 6. 5 million in 2004, according to Home Alone. This dramatic increase in the number of students staying after school can be the result of several things.One possibility is that transportation is readily avail sufficient to the students if a parent or guardian is unable to pick up the child. Students could also be coming to the realization that staying after school gives them energy to go home and actually finish the homework that was assigned. For example, lets say that a student loves performing basketball but the school doesnt walk a team. This student is missing out on the opportunity to exercise both his physical structure and his mind. Now if the school did offer a basketball team and the student joined, every time he had to stay after to practice, he stimulates his body, which admits his brain.Then, when practice was over, he would have the energy and brain stimulation to finish his homework. When choosing a school for their children , many parents have to take into consideration the charges for education, in addition to any fees for conflict in an after-school program. In fact, cost is one of the major factors that play into the reasons why parents keep children from participating in after-school functions. Costs can include actual charges for the program, either in time or dollars, and expenses incurred for providing transportation.However, according to Home Alone, After-school programs are a cost-effective way to boost student achievement, take down juvenile crime and help overstressed working parents. Yes, if parents pick up their children from the school, the expenditure for gas money is less than the outlay to pay a babysitter every daylight or to arrange weekly accommodations at a daycare center for watching the children. A more constructive alternative would be to let them stay at school to either continue their education or play a sport to release built up stress then(prenominal) parents could just pick them up on their way home from work.Now there are some parents that, so far if they have the time or money, ordain not let their children stay after school. Reasons for this include not wanting to expose the children to the delinquents that have to stay for detention afterwards. Some even say that playing sports will distract children from his/her studies because the student will focus on the game and not the school work. According to Bill Varian, Students involved in extracurricular activities receive dampen grades than those who are not involved in extracurricular activities. In addition, activities improve the overall student.Therefore, they help students to receive better grades by teaching them character create lessons, teaching them lifelong skills, saving some at-risk students who would possibly drop out of school, and helping students assume social skills. We can reasonably ascertain, then, that after-school activities not only help children grow and develop now, but participating in the undertakings also prepare them for a better, more fulfilling future. Another major factor that plays a use of goods and services is the effect that the programs would have on a students life.Each and every student has a different life when he/she leaves school. Some have to go to work to help their parents pay the bills, while others can sit back and relax while a butler makes a snack, finishes their homework, and cleans the house. I have even seen some children go home to parents who think the child was a mistake and want nothing to do with him/her. According to Lee Shumow, The children that are the most inclined(predicate) to actually gaining anything, in particular educational achievement, from after-school programs are the ones from high-risk backgrounds.Although, children that come from these backgrounds are the ones to have the least availability to the programs. Many of the children that are sort out in the high-risk background are the ones that p eople think will be the troublemakers in the community. But, if you take these children off the streets and keep them after school a few extra hours a day, they can develop bonds with other children so that ultimately they will stay away from medicines, alcohol, weapons, and the people who would tempt them to encounter and develop such habits.According to Mary Rombokas, including high-risk children in after-school activities lessens the number of disciplinary problems later down the line. Some parents turn to the school to provide a day care in essence. So that if the parents are not home, then they can let the children stay at school a few extra hours so that they dont have to worry about leaving them at home. According to Home Alone In 2009, over 15. 1 million children were odd home alone and unsupervised after the school day had finished. This is more than a quarter of Americas school children and an 800,000 increase from 2004.These statistics includes 4 per centum of element ary and 30 percent of middle school students. Many of these parents more than likely dont like leaving their children at home, but they have no other choice it may be the only thing they can do unless more programs became available to students. Parents of 18. 5 million students say they would write in code their children in an after-school program if one were available. These numbers represent a hugely missed opportunity. A majority of publicly financed after-school programs serve low-income students.They offer help with schoolwork, sports activities, and other enrichment known to translate into improved school attendance and higher graduation rates and lower rates of teenage pregnancy, drinking, delinquency and drug use, according to Home Alone. I realize that there are some parents who, no matter how much documentation is provided, will never change their minds about allowing their children to stay after school. However, there are alternative options for their children to having them staying on school grounds after the school day has ended.Some students have the buses drop them off at facilities that will look after the children and have them play games or do homework in groups so that social skills can be developed. In addition, playing sports or group games help the children use their mental abilities by having them think on their feet so that later in life they will be able to overcome a problem not only with better results but also more quickly. Many of these places cost little to no money at all. Some parents may want to personally take some time to play or work with their children.There are places available to help them in their endeavors. near every community has a center called the YMCA. For a nominal fee, parents can share a variety of activities with their children. Or, if a student is having difficulties in school that a parent cannot help with, older children can provide tutoring while the parents work out in another room. In a case like this, both sides benefit. Works Cited Home Alone. New York Times. 20 Oct. 2009 A30(L). Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. Lee, Shumow. Academic Effects of After-School Programs. Champaign, ILERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Print. Narine, Shari. Federal financial support for after school program. Alberta SweetgrassOct. 2010 6. Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. ODea, James. The Effect of Extra-Curricular Activities on AcademicAchievement. Drake University 1994. Print. Varian, Bill. Kid programs returning Commissioners agree to draw up a plan forafter school programs in 18 more parks. St. Petersburg TimesSt. Petersburg, FL 25 Aug. 2011 1B. Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012.

Finding a New Advertising Agency Essay

It started with a pair of certified letters to mini the Statess Woodcliff Lake home base in northern New Jersey in the summer of 2005. One of the letters was addressed to Jim McDowell, vice president and managing director of mini USA, the U.S. division of BMWs MINI automobile brand. The other letter was to Trudy bald-faced, trade gondola carriage for MINI USA and a direct report to McDowell. Both letters were from Scheid, Roberts, and Reicher (SRR),1 MINIs advertizement situation since 2001, and both induced at their respective destinations at close to exactly the same cartridge holder.From her desk, which was non in the immediate proximity of McDowells office, brassy sat back in her chair and opened the letter with extinct the knowledge that McDowell had just received a similar letter. Her thoughts and feelings as she broke the seal of the windbag and read the sensation-page letter partly confirmed previous suspicions nevertheless, nevertheless, include a sense of g reat disappointment and some hurt feelings. A rare case in the client-advertizing agency relationship, SRRs letter informed Hardy that they would resign the MINI score in order to pursue a larger account with a competing German automobile manufacturer.For Hardy, it was during the attached few moments that the gravity of the event began to sink in. SRR had been the ad agency for MINI ever since the months leading up to the U.S. project of the stark naked MINI cooper, which was the root new car despatched by the MINI brand since its acqui rideion by BMW several geezerhood earlier. In a time when the duration of a client-advertising agency relationship typic completelyy lasted for just about two years, the collaboration with SRR had been in her mind a productive one for almost five years. And in the same way that she believed the relationship had been extremely valuableto MINI, it was also hard for Hardy to believe that the same did not hold authoritative for SRR as well. In 2 001, the MINI account stood as one of the first major(ip) SRR client wins when it was a start-up agency with fewer than 50 employees. SRR had now grown to more than 300 employees, and the launch of the MINI barrel maker was an unquestioned success. In some ways, MINI and SRR had grown up together.1 Although this case is based on actual events, Scheid, Roberts, and Reicher (SRR) is a fictional name for MINI USAs advertising agency from 2001 to 2005. For simplicity, hereinafter, MINI is used as opposed to MINI USA. 2 The BMW Group maintained a general rule that each BMW brand have its own advertising agency. For example, SRR could not proceed for BMW and MINI at the same time.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor David Godes prepared this case with the assistance of Research Associate Peter Wickersham. HBS cases are developed altogether as the basis for consort discussion. Cases are not intended t o serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management.Copyright 2007, 2008 President and Fel natural depressions of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to honk materials, call(a) 1-800-5457685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a convalescence system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School.Hardy began to think of the task before her. In one sense, if she were the merchandising manager for almost any other product, the selection of a new advertising agency mightiness not have been such a critical task. solely the MINI brand, in almost every respect, was uniquefrom the jut out of the car itself to the passionate owners of the car who, for example, often na med their MINI cooper as they would a pet or family member. MINIs advertising since the launch of the Cooper had been highly unconventional, and although she had no immediate ideas of how to proceed in finding a new agency, Hardy knew thatthe selection process would need to be just as unique.The BMW Group and MINI miniskirt HistoryWe went round the works, and I drove him at a hell of a speedIm real he was terrifiedbut then he was so impressed by its road dimension. We stopped outside his office. He got out of the car and he said, Go ahead and make it. Alec Issigonis, head of fancy for the Morris mini Minor (a.k.a, the Mini), conversation with Leonard Lord, chairman of British tug Corporation (BMC), 19583 The twentieth century witnessed the earth of scores of automobiles, but it can be argued that only a handful of these cars transcended the others to shape cultural icons. For some car enthusiasts, the short number of such cars might have included the likes of the Ford Model T or Volkswagen Beetle. For those living in the United Kingdom and Europe in the 40 years amongst 1959 and the end of the century, the Mini Minor and its descendants, including the original Mini Cooper, would almost certainly have been counted among them.The genesis for what was to become the Mini was attributed to Leonard Lord in retort to the communisation of the Suez Canal by Egypt in September 1956. Since it was thought this action might disrupt or restrict the shipment of oil from the Middle East, Lord fit Alec Issigonis to design a small car intended for those attempting frugal transport. The design requirements were few and simple the ability to seat four people, use of a BMC engine, and an overall size smaller than that of current BMC cars. Issigonis formed a team of eight designers and engineers.In one of their first meetings together, Issigonis placed four wooden chairs on the workshop floor in two rows of two and asked four of his team members to sit in them. They t hen shuffled the chairs around on the floor until each could sit comfortably in a minimum of space. The rough dimensions were captured in chalk on the workshop floor the passenger space required was to be at least 8 feet 9 inches long, Purchased for use on the MSc transnational Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. usance permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact infothecasecentre.orgWell, I guess theyre off to greener pastures, he said in a matter-of-fact tone. afterwards talking some more about the resignation, they soon turned their attention to finding a new partner. Listen, I have total confidence in you to find our next agency, McDowell assured Hardy. It wont be weak, but you know our brand better than anyone. The only catch is that we should probably have this nailed deal before the end of the year, which means azoic December. Lets talk more once you have a n idea of where youd like to take the search. With those words, McDowell leftover Hardys office.In addition to its small size (and in some cases because of it), the design of the Mini contained several other notable innovations. It was one of the first front-wheel-drive cars, and its engine was mounted transversely so as not to contribute more than two feet to the overall length of the car. The wide spacing of the wheels allowed for more businesslike passenger space, and thus more than 80% of the overall dimensions of the Mini were devoted to luggage and occupants. The design of the Mini also had some other unique consequences.First, the Minis simple layout made it easy for owners to modify the interior and exterior of the car as a result, customization of the car became common. Second, its wide wheel spacing and low center of gravity made the Mini suitable for development of a racing variant of the car. An acquaintance of Issigonis, John Cooper, created the Mini Cooper in 1961 to be driven in rally races. The Mini Cooper was quite successful,winning the prestigious Monte autolo rally in 1964, 1965, and 1967. In all, around 150,000 Mini Coopers were produced.The mass-produced version of the Mini was a success in terms of unit sales. It also attracted a cult-like following. Each of the four Beatles owned a Mini as did Peter Sellers and many other famous British celebrities of the day. In 1995, the Mini was voted Car of the Century by readers of Autocar, a U.K. car magazine.BMW Acquires MiniAlthough the Mini was universally considered a success, the same could not be said for the succession of parent companies that owned the brand. In 1968, British Leyland was formed when BMC merged with the Leyland truck company. In 1975, British Leyland went bankrupt, and the companywith classic brands such as Jaguar, Rover, MG, Triumph, and Miniwas bought out by the British government. In 1988, the collection of surviving brands, now referred to as the Rover Group, was exchange to British Aerospace, another nationalized company. Along the way, there were notable investments made in the Rover Group by other car manufacturers, including Honda of Japan, which owned approximately 25% of the company at one time.Yet, the greatest investment and perhaps the biggest surprise occurred in 1994 when BMW, the German luxury automaker with 1993 sales of $18 billion, acquired Rover and its brands, including Mini, for $1.2 billion. In the eyes of senior management at the BMW Auto Group (AG), the vision for the purchase of the Rover Group was to take the company into a new world-wide era. Bernd Pischetsrieder, who was named chief executive officer of BMW AG in 1994, explained it this way The key to success is continuously changing your focal point over the long term . . . in the 80s, we focused on enhancing the engineering process.Thekey emphasis for the 90s is globalization of the entire business, including financing, product engineering, styling, designing, ma nufacturing, and sourcing.4 Similarly, some industry analysts believed that BMW could not afford to compete solely at the luxury end of a maturing world car market. The acquisition of the Mini brand and the decision to develop the new MINI was seen as a solid strategy to offer less expensive cars without jeopardizing the integrity of the BMW brand.5 According to an analyst with Commerzbank, By slightly modifying an existing brand, effectively inserting a new fomite into it, it avoids having to pay all the upfront costs associated4 J. P. Donlon, Honk if you are global (interview with BMW CEO Bernd Pischetsrieder), Chief Executive, October 1, 1994. 5 BMW antitheticaliated the new version of the Mini from the original by capitalizing all four letters when referring to the new model (i.e., MINI).3Purchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. utilizatio n permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact infothecasecentre.orgfeet 2 inches wide, and 4 feet 4 inches high. Ultimately, once the engine and luggage space were added, the Mini was knowing to be just 10 feet in length (Exhibit 1).MINI USA Finding a New denote Agency (A)with developing a new brand. The costs of brand edifice cannot be underestimated, as anyone at Daewoo would be quick to point out.6not included in the deal to divest the Rover division, notably, was the MINIbrand as well as the manufacturing facility near Oxford, England. We knew we had a winner there. a great deal to the chagrin of the British, we held onto it, McDowell would say later.Educational material supplied by The Case CentreCopyright encoded A76HM-JUJ9K-PJMN9IOrder reference F240566Designing a New MINIThe design and development of the new MINI in the mid-1990s was to some at BMW the embodiment of the larger struggle to integrate the cultures of Rover and BMW. Between 1994 and 1999, there existed two pause MINI design teamsone British and one German. The British-based Rover designers and engineers for much of that time envisioned a revolutionary design of the new MINI. One such MINI concept was unlike, the previous Mini in almost every way but was seen as a contemporary interpretation of Issigonis vision of building a small car with maximum passenger space (Exhibit 3). BMWs designers took a more evolutionary approach in terms of design feature with BMWs reputation for delivering high-performance, driver-oriented cars. On one night in 1998 at his home in Munich, Frank Stephenson, a BMW designer originally from the U.S., cast himself into the berth of Issigonis, who was known for doodling designs of cars on the back of napkins.On a kitchen towel, Stephenson sketched a series of updated versions of the original Mini to reflect modern trends in design and new engine room see Exhibit 3 for a sample sketch.7 In the end, it was Stephensons design that would form the ba sis of the new MINI. The official launch of the MINI was held at the Paris auto show in 2000. During the show, senior BMW AG executives and Stephenson unveiled the new MINI to a rousing ovation. In explaining its design, Stephenson said, The MINI Cooper is not a retro design car, but an evolution of the original.It has the genes and many of the characteristics of its predecessor, but is larger, more powerful, more muscular and more exciting than its predecessor.8 Two exertion models were to be launched in the U.K. (its historical home) in July 2001 a base model called the MINI One and a more upscale MINI Cooper. A sportier MINI Cooper S was to be launched soon thereafter in the U.K., and both the MINI Cooper and MINICooper S were scheduled for launch in the U.S. as well as other parts of the world in early 2002.Even though the first MINI Coopers were not scheduled to arrive until early 2002, work was well underway in 2000 to establish an organization to supportthe launch of the MIN I in the United States. MINI USA was established as a division of BMW of North America LLC and would share the same supply in Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, as its parent organization. Jack Pitney was named general manager of MINI USA, a unique distinction for someone with a trade background as opposed to automotive engineering, manufacturing, finance, or sales.Kerri Martin was appointed MINIs marketing communications manager. Trudy Hardy was also recruited in 2001 as brand communications manager of MINI, reporting to Martin. The MINI USA headquarters organization was designed to be small (fewer than 25 employees), nimble, and highly creative. From the start, the credo of the organization appeared to be, If another car company might take the same approach, MINI ought not. Martin, for instance, was commonly called by the title keeper of brand soul instead of marketing manager. Work proceeded quickly. By the end of 2000, www.miniusa.com was live and already receiving hits.As with the MINI USA headquarters organization, the existing BMW infrastructure was utilized to create a network of U.S. MINI dealerships. Nevertheless, in a similar fashion, great lengths were taken to establish MINI as its own brand. Approximately 70 dealerships in 31 cities were renovated to add an exclusive MINI showroom under a separate marquee. In total, across all U.S. dealerships, first-year MINI sales objectives were expected to be 20,000 units, an amount Pitney viewed as aggressive but within reach. Base retail sticker prices for the MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S models were set at about $18,000 and $21,000, respectively, including dealer shipment fees.Additionally, leveraging the history of customizations to the original Mini, each model carried an across-the-board list of optional equipment and exterior color schemes. For instance, the car roof alone could be painted at the factory with one of more than 10 color schemes, including a black-and-white checkerboard pattern as well as an image of either the Union Jack or American flag. Early expectations were that the MINI Cooper S would capture approximately 80% of sales due to its larger engine and better acceleration. Depending on the amount of optional equipment selected, the total price of a MINI Cooper S could exceed $25,000.Given its design and price range, plans were to position the MINI Cooper as a premium small carsomething that MINI saw as a new market niche. This was especially true because the MINI Cooper was smaller and more expensive than some of the better-established thickheaded cars made by Honda, Toyota, and Nissan. Initial MINI marketing materials and media reports from auto shows portrayed the MINI Cooper as a fashionable accessory to an affluent, urban-hipster lifestyle.9 However, early market research also indicated that the target market for the MINI was not limited to a specific demographic group or socioeconomic class but rather was more of a lifestyle choice or mind-set. For example, i n surveys conducted before launch, strength MINI buyers in the U.S. described themselves as early at heart or free spirited, a finding that was consistent among both young as well as older age groups.Moreover, the potential MINI buyer appeared to be less concerned by the opinions of others and was independent minded. MINI and BMW AG drew a number of conclusions from this initial research. First, it was decided that get on research should closely examine the psychographic factors associated with the purchase of a MINI, since the most fervent of potential MINI buyers seemed to have a common mind-set about the car, which was something that Pitney and others hoped to search in greater detail. Second, the research confirmed to them that, unlike the original Mini, the new MINI should not be marketed as a car for the masses but instead to a particular segment of car buyers. Third, although it created 9 Suzanne Vranica, Cool Mini Cooper Prepares for Relaunch, The Wall Street Journal, Fe bruary 14, 2001.Pitney and Martin thus recognized the importance of selecting an advertising agency with experience in nontraditional advertising such as promotional events, online advertising, and direct marketing. None of the large advertising agencies known for television advertising were invited to pitch the account, a decision that many industry observers viewed as bold and against the grain. DaimlerChryslers Chrysler Group unit, for example, had recently consolidated its $1.5 billion ad account at Omnicom Group. MINI also decided to base part of the compensation of the ad agency on the collective opinions of its dealers, something that was unique in advertising. Following a fourmonth review, SRR was selected as MINIs agency of record. A separate firm, Circle.com, was selected to handle their online technology strategy and customer relationship management (CRM) duties. Although MINI would not disclose it publicly, the MINI account was valued at about $25 million per year in ter ms of total marketing spend, a relatively modest size for an automotive client.Lets labor The U.S. Launch of the MINIThe U.S. Launch Campaign (20012002)By July 2001, in the eyes of Pitney, Martin, Hardy, and the rest of the MINI team, both the marketing strategy and the creative focus of MINIs U.S. launch (scheduled for March 2002) were taking shape. Moreover, they felt that the desire to do things differently at MINI had been taken to a whole new level. Most significantly, the marketing team had decided not to use any television or tuner advertising as part of MINIs launch, an industry first for what was essentially an entirely new automobile brand in the U.S. market (it had been almost 40 years since the original Mini was sold in the U.S.). Instead, a phased approach using print and nontraditional marketing techniques was developed.During August and September 2001, MINIs focus wasto build brand awareness primarily through print advertising in magazines. The tagline for the ads w as Lets Motor, a theme developed by SRR and that would be carried throughout the launch campaign in 2002. The use of the word Lets at the beginning of each ad was intended to create a feeling of inclusiveness, and the tone of the ads was intended to be friendly and funny. For example, one ad read Lets not use the size of our vehicle to pay up for other shortcomings. Lets Motor. Another began, Lets put away the middle finger.In addition to initial print advertising in magazines such as Autoweek, SRR developed The Book of move, a 5-inch by 5-inch glossy booklet designed to convey exactly what it meant to be a motorer. How is motoring different from driving? it posed to the reader. Physically, theyre the same process . . . the difference is in the mind of the operator . . . when you drive, you go from A to B . . . when you motor you go from A to Z . . . its all about living . . . nobody can tell you when youre motoring . . . you just know. The book also suggested that motorers pay th e bell shape for the car behind them or feed parking meters if they see a meter maid coming. Motorers look out for one another, the book said. The Book of Motoring could be obtained through BMW dealers or the MINI USA website.In October 2001, in addition to keep print advertising, the SRR and the MINI marketing team designed a series of promotional events and publicity stunts to create additional buzz for the brand.Purchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact infothecasecentre.orgchallenges for the manufacturing team in Oxford, England, it was clear that the target market would likely seek to make their MINI unique by adding optional features and color schemes. Finally, it also became apparent that limiting their advertising to traditional media such as television and radio would not b e cost effective, since the MINI itself was not a mass-market carand since its potential buyers seemed less interested in being part of the mainstream.In one example, for a Formula 1 car race in Indianapolis, MINIs were secured to the top of three fullsize sport-utility vehicles and were driven to the city from other parts of the U.S. carrying signs that read, What are you doing for fun this weekend? The same MINI-toting SUVs then toured some 24 U.S. cities (Exhibit 4). When curious onlookers asked about the car, representatives were instructed to give them a card that said Coming to America and directed them to the MINI USA website. Sporting events were also used as venues to promote the car. For instance, a MINI was placed in the stands of an Oakland As baseball game and in the Superdome for a Monday Night Football game (Exhibit 5). As part of this promotion, during the game, the announcer did a series of callouts that drew the attention of the fans in attendance to the MINI. As o ne example, he announced To the gentleman in Section 101, youve left your lights on. When the in-stadium camera focused on the MINI in Section 101, its lights flashed and then shut off. This particular promotion also played a role in the firms attempts to anthropomorphize the MINI.When the official launch of the MINI Cooper began in March 2002, MINI and SRR act their grass-roots marketing efforts and print advertising in combination with outdoor advertising using, most notably, billboards, which they felt were underutilized by other car brands. In all 45 markets where the new MINI was to be sold, teaser billboards were posted on the day that showrooms were opened. Instead of displaying the car or its logo, the billboards only included the companys website, miniusa.com, and a single line of text. One billboard read, XXL XL L M S Mini. Another read, The SUV backlash officially starts now. Then, in April, a new series ofbillboards were rolled out that included a photo of a MINI, the M INI logo, and the Lets Motor tagline. Slogans included, Lets Sip Not Guzzle, referring to its above-average displace economy.The outdoor advertising was taken to the extreme in cities like New York, where a skyscraper was wrapped to represent the cars two-tone paint job and a 29-foot-by-125-foot billboard was erected in Times Square. Though typically considered a traditional medium, print advertising was used by MINI as nontraditionally as possible. In late 2001, for instance, executives from 35 magazines were invited to MINIs headquarters to brainstorm unique ways to market the new MINI in print. One noteworthy upshot of this session was a proposal to use the margins around news stories to hold advertisements. At launch, the cornering ads, as they were called, were run in six magazines, including Rolling Stone and Motor Trend. The ads said, Nothing corners like a MINI and contained a photo of the Mini Cooper S cornering the one-inch margin of the magazine page. Other aspects of t he launch campaign included the following (Exhibit 6)More than 6 million magazine inserts of an abridged version of The Book of MotoringA series of MINI-inspired cartoons featured in The New Yorker magazineOther magazine inserts including an unscented MINI-shaped air freshener and a pullout car game. Another insert allowed readers to customize the car using peel-off stickers accessories such as wheel covers, blowers, and racks could be placed on a photo of a MINI in the ad.In total, more than 30 million magazine inserts were published in magazines ranging from Car and Driver to Vanity Fair. The MINI organization was veryhappy with the creative output of SRR. Conceptually, just about every one of their ideas was spot on, Hardy said. likewise the fact that they really got the brand, they also made sure that the ideas they showed us were fleshed out and developed. This extra effort on their part really made it easier for us to controvert to the ideas and to give them meaningful feedb ack so we could work together to make them come to life. MINI and SRR planned to explore other advertising media as 2002 wore on, just not television. Rather than use TV advertising, for example, MINI opted to sign a deal with National Cinema Network, a movie theater network, to show 30- and 45-second advertisements on roughly 2,000 screens in five cities.7Purchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact infothecasecentre.orgBy the close of 2002, there were several reasons for MINI and SRR to celebrate. Most obvious were the year-end MINI sales figures, which indicated that 24,590 units had been sold in a little over nine months. At that pace, first-year sales were projected to total over 30,000 units. In addition to the untroubled sales figures, a consumer survey indicated that brand awar eness for the MINI among the carbuying public was 25%. A survey indicated that 75% of MINI buyers had read or hear about the MINI throughpublic relations and Internet exposure before the official launch advertising actually began in March 2002.The launch campaign also earned both MINI and SRR a significant number of awards, including Adweek magazines 2002 Guerilla Marketer of the grade and 2003 Media Plan of the Year honors, the 2002 Kelly Awards Grand Prize for Outstanding Magazine Advertising, and two 2002 Cannes Media Lion prizes. SRR also won the Best of Show Award and an award for innovation in marketing at the annual One Show awards, a prestigious event sponsored by the One Club for Art and Copy in New York. At the same awards ceremony, MINI USA received the Advertiser of the Year Award. Pitney was named one of two Automotive News Marketers of the Year (the other was awarded to Jim McDowell, vice president of marketing for BMW of North America). In January 2003, the MINI was selected as the North American Car of the Year by the same publication. The MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S were selected as finalists for the Motor Trend Car of the Year as well.The Creative Work Continues (20032005)By all accounts, the relationship between MINI and SRR was felt by both sides in 2003 to have been a highly productive collaboration to that point. Each day we came to the office thinking that we had one of the best jobs in the world. In a sense, SRR was just part of the family. Wed interact and debate ideas on a weekly, sometimes daily, basis, Hardy described. It was a close working relationship.Over the next two years, MINIs strategy of using primarily nontraditional advertising in combination with print and outdoor advertising continued, as did SRRs ability to develop unique creative material in support of this strategy. One magazine campaign featured punch-out, assembleable versions of the MINI Cooper built on a 156 scale. About 4.4 million inserts were created, featu ring two cars with different combinations of accessories, and came complete with assembly instructions both cars became collectors items.In another campaign, consumers could pull out MINI cartoon-character decals from magazines. The stickers came eight per sheet and were designed to drive buyers into dealerships for a ninth sticker. Approaches like this one were well received by dealers, including Wayne Youngblood, generalmanager of Motor City Mini near Detroit. Im thrilled with it MINI marketing is quirky, fun, and it delivers customers that match the vehicle perfectly, he said. In my 30 years in the business, there has been no other product that commands as much excitement or attention as MINI.10Sales of the MINI Cooper continued to climb (Exhibit 7). In 2004, a MINI Cooper convertible was added to the model lineup. Changes would soon be underway, however. In March 2005, Martin announced that she was leaving MINI to become director of market development for Volkswagen of America, a company known for spending about $500 million annually in North American advertising. some the same time, Pitney and McDowell made the unique decision to switch jobs as general manager of MINI USA and vice president of marketing for BMW of North America. But the ultimate surprise was SRRs resignation of the MINI account in order to become the agency of recordPurchased for use on the MSc International Marketing, at Kings College London, Department of Management. Taught by Douglas West, from 12-Jan-2015 to 27-Mar-2015. Order ref F240566. Usage permitted only within these parameters otherwise contact infothecasecentre.org for Volkswagen. By then, Hardy had assumed Martins duties as head of marketing, and one of her first challenges was starting over and finding a new advertising agency, which would not be easy given the unique relationship that MINI enjoyed with SRR.Advertising AgenciesWith each passing year of technological advancements, it was apparent to MINI and others that the foundations of any advertising firm creativeness and the ability to deliver creative content in a variety of mediawere becoming less and less the exclusive domain of bigger advertising firms with extensive production staffs. Consequently, it was possible for a one- or two-person shop to perform the same creative services as a large, multinational advertising conglomerate with billions in revenues such as Omnicom, WPP, Interpublic Group (IPG), and Publicis. Advertising firms in 2005 could be categorized into either of these two groups, but a third group also existed. The independents, as they were called, were privately owned firms with anywhere from about 10 to 300 employees. As was the case with SRR, oftentimes these firms were started by young, entrepreneurial advertising professionals looking for creative independence or autonomy following stints at one or more of the publicly held multinational firms.Seen by some to be a competitive response to the growth of the independents, c onsolidation was a significant theme in the advertising industry during much of the 1990s and early twenty-first century. Over this period, the major holding companies appeared intent on expanding market share in order to gain economies of scale, diversifying their revenue streams, and serving clients as a one-stop shop while growing into large, multinational players. In 1993, for example, the top three agency holding companies captured a 36% share of the market. By 2003, this figure had increased to 50%.11 The increase in market share was largely achieved through acquisitions of independents and smaller holding companies, with the bulk of these acquisitions occurring from 19962001. One holding company, IPG, acquired 240 companies during that period.Another significant industry theme was the shift in agency compensation over the past decade from commissions to fee-based compensation. Traditionally, advertising organizations had been paid at a set percentage of an advertising budget for the creative work on an account this percentage wastypically in the 12%15% range but could be as high as 20%. A major criticism of this compensation system was that it did not align the agencys pay with the success of a particular campaign or with the amount of work required to create the campaign. The fee-based system (or FTE model) charged production fees and employee hours along with a standard profit margin (e.g., 20%) for the advertising firm. In 2005, it was estimated that 80% of all advertising clients had moved away from commission-based compensation structures to enter fixed fees or a combination of fee and incentive compensation.

Mediaculture

Week 7 Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz, Feminist Media Strategies for governmental PerformanceWe live in a media centric world bombarded by the media images twenty four hours a day. It is so powerful that we often cannot distinguish the reality from the mediated reality. Media makes use of images around us to experience this rattling different wileiculated meaning. This often interludes with the notion of the people who control the media which can either be the proprietor or dominant groups through force or coercion that control the opinions. These viewpoints ar the factors that look on the in the altogethers values, of the modern media, which often tend to trivialize or sensationalize the issues, according to the ideological stance.Feminist Media humanistic discipline have formed as a unsusceptibility to this distorted media views, to convey the undistorted reality to the public. Its more than an information ladder and the same time new mode of protest to decry the hideo us stories media told about women. The feminist media kick the bucket as the activists say has three ultimate purposes first, to interrupt the incessant run of images that supports the established social order with alternative airs of thinking and acting second, to organize and activate viewing audience (media is not the only, nor necessarily most effective, way to do this) third, to create ruseful and original imagery that follows in the tradition of fine artwork, to help viewers see the world in a new way and learn something about themselves in relation to it. The authors in their essay point to the ways to attract the media to their campaign and force them to present their viewpoints. The authors say that to understand how media operates, observe it -with detachment -and be pragmatic. It doesnt matter what you think the media should cover, the quarry of the game (and it is a game) is to get them to play it your way. Mass media time is not a public table service it is a hi ghly valuable commodity that is purchased by corporations and individuals who promote products, ideas, attitudes and images. The stakes of this game are high, and as artists the best we can hope for is a kind of guerrilla foray into that system.Here it would be sensible to note the contri merelyions of the Glasgow University Media Research chemical group (GUMG) and Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS), engaged in research in the process of news production and the relationship between ideology and authority. The research of the GUMG has been very controversial since the emergence of Bad News in 1976. Bad News was concerned with the television coverage of industrial relations in 1975. The GUMGs analysis of television news led it conclude that the viewers had been given a misleading portrayal of industrial disputes, a portrayal that distorted the real situation. The descriptions attached to management were much(prenominal) that they persuaded the audience of the rightne ss of the management position against the demands made by the unions.Thus, it has become the inherent nature of the media to control things. In 1973 Galtung and Ruge analyzed foreign news in newspapers and found that for any event to become a news item, and therefore considered newsworthy, it had to pass through a selection process. If it conformed to a fact set of criteria, the news staff judged it newsworthy. Galtunge and Ruge c all(prenominal)s those criteria as news values.The essay tells different methods to persuade the media for the semipolitical performance. But the question remains, if the media conforms to certain pre-de barrierined news values, how can these campaigns succeed, despite the systematic efforts by the activists.Week 8 Jesse Drew, The Collective Camcorder in nontextual matter and Activism.The essay attempts to portray the role of the video makers collectives, in many resistance political campaigns. The invention of the video camcorder has in fact changed the ladder of history. These movements and the developments in technology when coupled with the ideology of chain armour modernism, took art and activism to new heights. From the efforts of independent artists to the collectives such as Paper Tiger and the Independent Media Center, the revolt has allot to resist the images presented by the mainstream media and tillage. So the environment was all set for a departure from the art-video, and experiment something new that reached the people.As the litterateur says, television is, after all, at the heart of our popular gardening, the culture of the everyday, and dominates the media landscape. Video, when all is verbalize and d champion, is a form of television, a media device that conveys information. It is innate(p) that video artists cross the boundaries of art and activism, and frequently tell apart to subvert the message, not just exploit the form. This artistic jujitsu, using the weight of television to fall upon itself, eme rged as a popular strategy among video collectives. Increasingly, video artists in the 1980s and 1990s embraced the necessity to study on, intervene, and challenge the contested terrain of television, mass media, and popular culture, and leave the art-video aesthetic behind.As Strinati called it post modernism is atheistic of any absolute, universal and all embracing claim to k nowadaysledge and argues that theories or doctrines which make such claims are increasingly open to criticism, contestation and doubt. The mass media are central to the post modern condition because we now take as real, is to a large extent what media tell us is real. We are bombarded from all sides by cultural signs and images in all aspects of media. According to Baudrillard, we have entered the world of simulacra. These are signs that function as copies or models of real objects or events. In the post-modern era, simulacra no longer present a copy of the world, nor do they pee-pee replicas of reality.Tod ay..social reality is structured by codes and models that produce the reality they claim to merely represent. From the 1960s forrad there was a revolt against the modernists. The post modernists thought believed in the breakdown of the distinction between culture and society, the break down of the distinction between art and popular culture, the confusion over time and space, and the sort out of the meta narratives. The pop art of the 1960s demonstrates this cl early on, for example, Andy Warhol presented soup tins and cola bottles as art, as well as contest the uniqueness of Da Vincis portrait of the Mono Lisa by silk screening her image thirty quantify Thirty are better than one. In fact post modernism has helped them to drift away from the so called artistic beliefs.In the words of the essayist video artists in the 1980s and 1990s embraced the necessity to contrive on, intervene, and challenge the contested terrain of television, mass media, and popular culture, and leave t he art-video aesthetic behind. The convergence of these new political, cultural, social, technological, artistic, and economic developments provided the pulse to the establishment of the counter movements like the Paper Television, and subsequently the Independent Media Center.In fact, video art has surpassed all other art forms in interpreting history.Week 9 Carole S. Vance, The War on Culture.The essay follows the corking discussion in the world of art whether a self-censorship is inevitable when it comes to sexual images. Vance quotes instances where public ire overlooked the artistic value when morality was questioned. Vance says that the fundamentalist attack on images and the art world must be recognized as a systematic part of a right-wing political program to fix handed-down social arrangements and reduce diversity.The right wing is deeply committed to symbolic politics, both in using symbols to mobilize public sentiment and in understanding that, because images do stand in for and inspire social change, the arena of representation is a real ground for struggle. He says that it is high time that a vigorous defence of art and images should be made. The author has given a new dimension to the culture war.This is not isolated with art or artistic movements. Representation of sexuality in media is more coordination compound than in art, for example, counting the number of times that women appear on the screen because we cannot immediately identify a persons sexual orientation in the way that we can identify markers of sex and race.Observations by Dyer on gay behavior can be more illustrative here on the representation of sexuality in media. He says a major fact about being gay is that it doesnt show. There is nothing about gay peoples physiognomy that declares then gay, no resembling to the biological markers of sex and race. There are signs of homosexualism, a repertoire of gestures, stances, clothing and even environments that bespeak gayness ju st now these are cultural forms designed to show what the persons person alone does not show that he or she is gay.There are signs of gayness, for example gestures, accents posture and so on, but these markers of sexuality are socially constructed and are both historically and culturally specific. Media texts often rely on stereotypical narratives to indicate that characters in a story line are gay. These may include childlessness, loneliness, a mans interest in arts or domestic crafts, a womans in mechanics or sports. ..each implying a scenario of gay life. Both lesbians and gays have been to use Tuchmans term symbolically annihilated by the media in general. The representation of these two groups has been particularly limited on television.The media has been very careful on such sensitive issues, but has not been so. Media has been overtly criticized primarily on its representations, but when coming to issues of morality, media tended to be very much conservative, and there of cou rse has been a lot of self-censorship.As the essayist says symbolic mobilizations and moral panics often leave in their wake residues of law and policy that remain in force long after the hysteria has subsided, fundamentalist attack on art and images requires a across-the-board and vigorous response that goes beyond appeals to free speech. Free expression is a necessary principle in these debates, because of the steady protection it offers to all images, but it cannot be the only one. To be effective and not defensive, the art community needs to employ its interpretive skills to unmask the modernized rhetoric conservatives use to justify their traditional agenda, as well as to deconstruct the difficult images fundamentalists choose to set their campaigns in motion. Artists can of course look at the way media behaves in this respect.Week 10 Kester Grant, A Critical Frame work for Dialogical Practice.Revolt, is word usually associated with the art movements and the biographies of art ists themselves. Thus a shift from the galleries to community based installations is a natural course of the artistic history. The author explores these transitions as an inherent revolt that pervaded the artistic community.When the artists themselves began to question the gallery itself as an appropriate site for their work. At a time when scale and the use of natural materials and processes were central concerns in sculpture, the comparatively small physical space of the gallery seemed unduly constraining. Further, the museum, with its fusty, art historical associations, appeared ill supply to provide a proper Context for works that explored popular culture or quotidian experience. many another(prenominal) artists saw museums, with their boards of wealthy collectors and businesspeople, as bastions of snobbish elitism in an era that demanded a more doorwayible and democratic form of art. There are many ways to escape the museum. In some cases artists chose to work in sites that were empty or depopulated (e.g., Gordon Matta-Clarks cuttings in abandoned buildings, Michael Heizers or Robert Smithsons land art projects in more or less inaccessible locations), suggesting a certain anxiety about the social interactions that might occur upon venturing beyond clear art institutions.One strand of this work is represented by the agitational, protest-based projects of Guerilla Art Action Group (GAAG), the Black Mask Group, and Henry Flynt in New York. Drawing on the energies of the antiwar movement and the traditions of fluxus performance and siruationism, these groups arranged actions outside mainstream cultural institutions (Lincoln Center, Museum of Modern Art, etc.) to call attention to the complicity of these institutions with broader forms of social and political domination.A different approach, and one more directly related to dialogical practices, emerged in the collaborative projects developed by artists associated with the Womans Building in Los Angeles d uring the 1970s. Artists, fuel by political protests against the Reagan administrations foreign policy (especially in Central America), the antiapartheid movement, and nascent AIDS activism, as well as revulsion at the market frenzy surrounding neoexpressionism, with its retardaire embrace of the heroic anthropoid painter. A number of artists and arts collectives developed innovative new approaches to public and community-based work during the 1980s and early 1990s.The late 1980s and early 1990S witnessed a gradual convergence between old-school community art traditions and the work of younger practitioners, leading to a more complex set of ideas around public engagement. This movement was also catalyzed by the controversy over Richard Serras Tilted Arc in the late 1980s,Community art projects are often centered on an exchange between an artist (who is viewed as creatively, intellectually, financially, and institutionally empowered) and a given subject who is defined a priori as in need of empowerment or access to creative/expressive skills. Thus the community in community-based public art often, although not always, refers to individuals marked as culturally, economically, or socially different from the artist.References1. Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz, Feminist Media Strategies For Political Performance2. Jesse Drew, The Collective Camcorder in Art and Activism.3. Carole S. Vance, The War on Culture4. Kester Grant, A Critical Frame work for Dialogical Practice