To what extent is Othello presented as a tragic hero in Act 1 of Othello Essay Example

To what extent is Othello presented as a tragic hero in Act 1 of Othello Paper The famous Philosopher, Aristotle, explored what exactly is a tragic hero; he said, in his own words, A man doesnt become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall. (1). Also, a man should have nobility from birth, as Aristotle says, yet Othello slowly climbed the ladder of hierarchy enabling him to stable that status as the Moor (Venetian Moor) yet he sets himself as a tragic hero because he isnt going to accepted into society due to his colour. Was his colour a conceit in a way, showing an anticlimax, foreshadowing the downfall of his status, making it less tragic? This is a mere criticism. Aristotles theories are intriguing, and I will be discussing these in detail later on in the essay. Another characteristic of a tragic hero is that the heros story must appeal to emotions. Clearly we are shown this in the first scene in act 1 where Shakespeare uses sibilance to characterise the main characters, Iago and Othello, in the play. The use of the word his automatically spits the word out in distaste. The word his is degrading for the moor, but the sibilance and the iambic pentameter in the sentence wears out his time, much like his masters ass emphatically forces the his out scornfully. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Othello presented as a tragic hero in Act 1 of Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Othello presented as a tragic hero in Act 1 of Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Othello presented as a tragic hero in Act 1 of Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of the article the in the moor also shows distaste as they cant even say the name. The fact that Iagos first words were Sblood gives us a vain, vivid spitting image and the vulgar language used such as the moor debase him This is an effective use of pathos as it appeals to our emotions towards Othello; this distaste helps us with not looking at the perspective, or the distorted view, of how Iago sees things. Aristotles point about appealing to emotions was correct and this is a sign of Othello being presented as a tragic hero. Iago is an allegory for the reoccurring fatal flaw in this act the fatal flaw is merely manipulation. Even though little manipulation is shown here, it is very intense. In act 1, scene two, Iago says that Roderigo prated and spoke such scurvy persuading the moor to get angry at Roderigo, yet the dramatic irony very much lies beneath these words as we know that Iago presents a fai ade or is, in other words, a representation of Janus (two faced) because Iago says, in scene 1, that he will follow him to serve my turn on him yet he goes against Roderigo now by saying that Roderigo spoke such scurvy. This fatal flow is merely a fai ade within Iago, which merely hides corruption from within, and Iago, of course, is a figure of corruption Othello is merely a tragic hero in some sense as he fell for the wrong person in terms of fraternal (male) bonds for help. This is a major fatal flaw as it showed how male companionship collapsed the foundation and made Othello a dawn fall . The quote an old black ram is tupping your white ewe can be an extended metaphor for the predatory nature of the world. Iago says that he will wear my heart upon my sleeve for daws to peck at, I am not what I am which is a denotation in an interpretive sense that a crow is a symbol of society and society is predatory and everything is deceptive. This dramatic irony is there to show the audience the fatal flaw in Othello believing Iago. Iagos predatory nature on Othello can spark off other events such as paranoia which is shortly developed after Othello being calm for so long it isnt bearable so paranoia sneaks in. His calmness is shown through his first words of Tis better as it is, giving a very patient approach to the situation. Yet, we expect this to juxtapose highly towards the end of the play as we see Iago can do anything to corrupt psychological states of people by manipulation and even greater, maybe paranoia. One critic has criticised the statement that Othello is presented as a tragic hero because Othello is overly aware of his nobility (2). The critic, Leavis, says that Eloquence is a form of arrogance. In act 1, scene 2, Othellos first words are quite subtly yet Eloquent Tis better as it is. Can we, as readers, interpret this as some form of arrogance? In my opinion, the subtlety of the words can confine arrogance. Leavis is very clever in making this statement, and his statement can say Othello is not presented as a tragic hero. A sense of it was doomed before the start is shown in Act 1, scene 3, where Desdemona has her very first words and Othello and herself proclaim love to each other. The iambic pentameter is very significant and Shakespeare very cleverly used it to show love in the blank verse. Nearly all are blank verses (no rhyme but with an iambic pentameter) yet some, for example, what Desdemona says: The rites for which I love him are bereft me breaks the iambic pentameter. This may show corruption in love or the fact that love is a concept which can cause annihilation but this is merely done to show that Othello has brought it on himself so can be a tragic hero. The audience here, have a sense of urgency to relief themselves (catharsis another trait of a hero being a tragic hero). The repetition of fill your purse with money which Iago says to Roderigo makes it as though life is a stage and that all our strings are being pulled by the creator. This repetition is highly manipulative as it says therefore make money. Though, this manipulation isnt a flaw for Roderigo, as his status is nothing compared to Othello, yet later on in the acts, Othello is slowly driven into paranoia by the vehicle Iago is driving and causing hamartia (fatal flaw). The socio-historical context with Macbeths is important as they interlink and you can come to a conclusion about both of them. From both, Othello and Macbeth, it shows Shakespeare is interested in deception; at the start of Macbeth, the tragic hero is characterised by Iago, and at the start of Macbeth by the witches. It seems as though Shakespeare is allowing us too see different perceptions, through women (witches) and men (Iago and roderigo). Lady Macbeth is almost a mirror image of Iago in a distorted way as they both drive to manipulate; Lady Macbeth manipulated Macbeth to go kill the king. Shakespeare questions whether we should break the convention of men before women or not, as both are corrupted and delusional and both play a part in the tragedy of the tragic hero

Cincinnati Flood of 1997 essays

Cincinnati Flood of 1997 essays Within two days between March 1 and 3, 1997, a killer storm developed from the Gulf of Mexico from Mississippi all the way to West Virginia and carrying with it a deluge of rain as the worst flood in 33 years (Mazzola 1997). Right on day 1, it was an unusually moist type of weather with a terrifying potential for torrential downpours. It turned violent, bringing thunderstorms and tornadoes across a 250-mile spread of destruction. In five hours, Arkansas experienced 14 tornadoes, which killed at least 24. It lashed nearby states, killing one person a day in Mississippi and Tennessee and its high winds, claiming two lives in Texas. Rains continued on day 2 through Kentucky and Southern Ohio, as swollen streams and creeks poured into the Ohio River (Mazzola). Their levels rose to a foot a day until day 3. Licking River rose to 52 feet, or 12 feet above flood stage. All through day and night 3, 12" rainfall crashed through 40,000 homes and businesses in Louisville. Leaving the place desolate, it drove east to Clermont, Brevin, Adams, Scioto, Lawrence and Gallia counties, before heading for West Virginia, where it eased a bit. By then, 16 West Virginia counties had been declared to be in a state of emergency, as Ohio and Kanawha Rivers filled their banks. Not quite out, it proceeded east-northeast on day 4, but was broken up by a cold front until dissipating in the Great Lakes area. Floods had gone in and out of the Ohio Valley, but past floods could not compare with the wrath of March 1997. The weather freak produced a variety of floods, from flash flooding in hilly terrain and poorly drained areas, to small stream flooding in rural and urban areas. These were followed by very serious flooding along the Ohio River and many of its tributaries (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1998). It poured into the rivers in northern Kentucky, including the Rolling...

Is globalisation presently being governed To the extent it is, how is Essay

Is globalisation presently being governed To the extent it is, how is this being done - Essay Example To some extent this is the case, but as we will see, the range of actors and processes comprehended by such terms as ‘globalisation’ and ‘global governance’ are perhaps too complex and too numerous to be encompassed in any account. In short, the aim of this essay is to explore the nature and efficacy of contemporary attempts to govern globalising forces, and to assess the methods used and the degree of success they have been met with. The term ‘global governance’ is bandied about in the literature a great deal, but different scholars seem to have attached a range of different, sometimes overlapping, and sometimes conflicting, meanings to it. As Dingwerth and Pattberg (2006) observed, ‘the concept of global governance has become ever more popular – and confusion about its meaning ever greater’ (p. 185). Writing on the same theme, Payne (2005) went so far as to claim that governance is one of the most used and abused terms in c ontemporary academic discourse, perhaps beaten to first place only by globalisation (p. 55). It is necessary to gain some clarity on this issue if we are to build a useful analytical framework for discussing the consequences and demands of globalisation. Dingwerth and Pattberg (2006) declared, exasperated, that ‘’Global Governance’ appears to be virtually anything’ (p. 185). However, using their review article as a helpful foundation, we can see global governance as an analytical framework which has succeeded ‘international relations’ – the traditional way of seeing interaction between sovereign states. While global governance refers partly to the institutional response to globalisation, and attempts by states to order globalising processes, it is surely something larger than this, and encompasses a series of phenomena which can be observed working above and below the level of intergovernmental cooperation. There are, for example, socia l and political movements which transcend state boundaries, often facilitated by the unique opportunities for communication afforded by the internet. There are also private networks and private corporations whose interests and activities span continents. Pressure groups such as Greenpeace and judicial actors like the International Criminal Court are only the most visible of millions of actors in the global arena. Weiss (1999), likewise, saw global governance as a response to the widespread dissatisfaction with existing theories of international relations, and especially the failure of such theories to adequately make allowance for the colossal increase, in numbers and importance, of actors independent of the state, and especially of the transformations brought about by new technologies, especially the internet. Rosenau (1995) understood all of this, and acknowledged that an understanding of global governance rests on a great deal more than an exploration of the formal institutions a nd mechanisms – bodies such as the United Nations - that have been established by governments to deal with globalisation. As he himself writes, it is ‘more than the formal institutions through which the management of international affairs is or is not sustained’ (p. 13). He extends the competence of global governance right down to every level of human activity, including interactions between families across borders. Dingwerth and Patt

Three Possible Reasons Why the Funding Was Overlooked Essay

Three Possible Reasons Why the Funding Was Overlooked - Essay Example This essay talks about the Children’s Summer Expense Project and its failure. This paper analyzes why the project failed and presents the three possible reasons why the funding was overlooked and in what three ways that the Children’s Summer Expense Project could be saved. The possible reasons that could have led to overlooking funds are a failure to be ready for an emergency, having life insurance for many individual’s emergencies, and keeping unnecessary large amounts of money. It is not advisable to have so many life insurances for emergencies because they will hold back a lot of money which may never be recovered. This strains the budget because a lot of money is given away with no returns. Keeping a lot of spare money is also not advisable because a person will be tempted to spend it even on things or plans that are not in the budget. The three ways that the Children’s Summer Expense Project could be saved is through daily services program, weekly food distribution program, or the monthly outreach program offered by Making A Way Foundation. This is because every day Making A Way offers property of all type to the needy by reprocessing collected, discarded, utilizable stuff to those in need. Every week, Making A Way presents the way to delivering thousands of pounds of different goods to churches. The products are distributed to single parents, shelters, and senior citizens, low-income families, and scores of all the others that may be in desperate need of these essentials.

Heron 6 intervention categories and one to one and small group Essay

Heron 6 intervention categories and one to one and small group teaching - Essay Example The modes are the hierarchical, co-operative, and autonomous (Scaling Heights 2005). Each of the six interventions is a dimension within a delivery mode, and while the modes change impacting the role of the teacher/therapist and student/patient, the interventions remain constant dimensions within the modes (Scaling Heights 2005). Documentation is essential to the data gathering aspect of the process, and it will support the progress, or lack thereof, and guide the teacher or therapist in the planning elements and decide which intervention is applicable at the given point in time (Scaling Heights 2005). There is a suggested format for charting the outcomes which can be easily accessed on the ScalingHeights.com web site that is simple in nature, yet yields a wealth of pertinent information that help in the application of the interventions (Scaling Heights 2005). Heron’s goal, his South Pacific Center for Human Inquiry reports, is to equip the professional with the information and tools which facilitate the client gaining a â€Å"plan for rational living (1998).† The six intervention process is the culmination of Heron’s own work, which has been widely studied and used in the healthcare industry (OES 1999 Scaling Heights 2005 Scottish Executive 2005). The process is one of facilitator/therapist directing, relinquishing, delegating and sharing control in the patient/student or therapeutic or academic setting (Scaling Heights 2005). The formula was the basis for a handbook developed by the Differentiated Mentoring Project for use in schools (2004). In the process, the intervention of â€Å"prescriptive† translates to planning, which depending upon the mode being utilized, rests with the therapist, or is shared by the group Scaling Heights 2005). Early on in the therapeutic relationship, when the therapist makes the decision to implement Heron’s course, the therapist will have to be firm in

International Political Systems: Sumerian City-States

International Political Systems: Sumerian City-States Why do I believe that there is an International Political System? First, I will discuss the interaction between Sumerian city-states that is divided by the river of Tigris and Euphrates, that now forms a modern Iraq[1], why these Sumerian city-states? Because I want to prove that there is an International Political Systems during that time, don’t get me wrong in this subject, I want you to feel you’re in these said ages to be in their position, hence this will be your roots, because if you will compare it with the International Political Systems nowadays a huge confusion may subdue. Second, because of the thirty years of war north western Germany think of a treaty that will stop this war and this is the Treaty of Westphalia. The last but not the least, the current situation of International Political System in this era and I will pick United Nations or (U.N) to be the based model of these current International Political Systems. I will cover different laws from the United Nations to prove my claim, these are United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas or (UNCLOS), second the Human Rights were play a huge role with the countries under the United Nations. Different theories has been made, different mainstream state have earned the title ‘where does International Political System began’ but we all know already that the legitimate birth of International Political System is the time that the treaty of Westphalia began[2], but here in my argument, I shall say that it’s the interaction between Sumerian city-states where International Political System was really born. They don’t know it yet that they are doing such thing, but I in my research, I will prove that what they are doing is International Political System which is use until now. â€Å"Interaction between Sumerian City-States† Tigris and Euphrates are much known because of the river that separates them but it connects these Sumerian City-States. These are considered to have been a fully-fledged International System, because these Sumerian city-states have already an existing religion, trade, interaction, language, educational system, laws and leaders. They look up to their God as the Supreme leader and by that all of his or her people are subject to follow what their God wants, meaning being the Supreme (God and Goddesses) leader they must follow what laws He or She has made, for example their Gods or Goddesses are represented by natural entities such as the Sun interconnected with Justice and considered as the God Sun, He is God called ‘UTU’, Moon interconnected to Wisdom and their God Moon, She is called God ‘Nanna’ or ‘Suen’, and Earth connected to Life Force, several centuries before Hammurabi, Ur-Engur of the Ur dynasty (c. 2600 BC) declared that he rendered decisions according to the just laws of Shamash.[3] This reference of their Gods and Goddesses only makes my claim more evident. Even their God Ur-Engur has a law for the people to abide with, and by abiding such rule a state will be more powerful in terms of the law that is implemented to the people, and the people who happens to ob ey it diligently or faithfully from generation to generation which made the law effective and refrain the citizenry to do whatever they want if it was not in accordance to the existing laws that had been created by their Gods and Goddesses they believe in long before they were born. The law their Gods and Goddesses has created, local laws have been extended to other city-states they dealt with, unconsciously they are already leading to an international law practice which were recognized, obeyed, respected and put into practice by both parties or city-states involved. These sectors of analysis are ingredient of an international system, hence this is international political system, because in those times, they’re knowledge about the world is their only city-state and treating other people outside their city-state as barbarians or inferior as compared to themselves, (ex. The Greek city-states even if they know that different states exist, they consider them as barbarians and these barbarians don’t contribute in the human populace much worst are even considered as uncivilized or unworthy people) so what I’m saying is that this exist as an International Political System using their own norm or gauge. Hence in this era International Political Syst em in the Sumerian city-state for them is the best and the only one known to be followed by their citizenry and if they want to deal with the Sumerians it is mandatory for them to follow what the existing rules the Sumerians are using or following faithfully. In this case we could vividly see the influence of a very strong centralized government. Whatever the central government or the city-state of Sumerian is practicing, it has to be followed by the others having that principle that these laws were created by a Supreme Being (God or Goddesses) which includes issues regarding policies in their political, military, societal, and economic norms and other areas. These standards already exist in this city-states, but as time goes by, these norms changes, because ‘change is nature’ hence if the nature is to change, when the modern times comes, these norms became more complex hence adds more norms to become an International Political System. Change in environment such as geographical features which includes boundaries, natural and manmade, resources which needs to be modified or altered to be able to catch up to the new ideas and development of new trends in the International Political Systems. That’s why I add this Sumerian city-states because this is the real cycle that goes with the ever changing and ever growing International Political System. Because of the mainstream approach of Westphalia in the same context the title was given to them, and gave the title that the year Westphalia created was the real birth of International Political System which is a big fallacy. Why did I conclude so? It is because the treaty of Westphalia happened not just long ago it was exactly on October 24th 1648[4]. When the treaty of Westphalia was ratified or take into effect as a law so many events or major happenings had been recorded to had happened +which paved the way for the creation of a treaty that will not gave a birth but modified to adapt with the current needs and issues to be resolve even if the title was given for the Sumerian city-state was a ‘Pre-international System’ I will consider them an international political system, as part in my introduction said, the perspective point of view must be only in the Sumerian age, that’s why I arranged them according to the years where they exist so there will be a smooth flow of ideas, and one goal to justify if we had an international political system. In these Sumerian city-states trade is also present, because of the creation of first calendar, which they adjusted to the phases of the moon. The lunar calendar helped the Greeks, Semites and Egyptians, because of this, it helped a lot of Sumerian City-States to interact with each other thus helping their economy to boost up leading to the growth of merchant class[5], did you know that they are very good navigators because of the calendar they made. They know exactly where they are going because of the stars in the sky, were that star will serve as a guide for every people of the city that will trade from other cities, that’s why when they created the first ever calendar which adjusted the phases of the moon it helped them a lot.[6][7] Talking about trade, it helped to increase the interaction between these Sumerian city-states by simple talking to each other, of course the need of language is in need, and the language these times are divided into four: first is Archaic Sumerian, second is Old or Classical Sumerian, third is New Sumerian, last but not the least Post-Sumerian. These language had their own time at the existence of Sumerian city-states, Archaic Sumerian covered the period from 3100 B.C, when the first Sumerian wrote their very first documentary or records, down to about 2500 B.C, the content of writings in this time include business and administrative character, there is still school texts that form simple exercises in writing because this age of language was poorly understood because of the meagerness sources. Second the Old or Classical Sumerian lasted from 2500 to 2300 B.C, represented by the record of Lagash like in the first there is business, administrative texts here, but an addition is a legal text, in here the grammar of Sumerian improved and their vocabulary.[8] It is very evident that once trade exists in between any country or countries, influx not only of money but most of all ideas, culture, laws, and even intermarriage will follow. So I strongly believe that International Political System has long been existing and put into practice even before the idea of the said system was said to be introduced. â€Å"Treaty of Westphalia† This said to be the legitimate year were International Political System was created the birth year of International Political System, why is it that this the legitimate one? Why is it that the interaction of Tigris and Euphrates was not the legitimate one? Because as said by Richard Little and Barry Buzan the point of being a western country we cannot accept the fact that they are the ones who are the elitist and they’re mind set of being Ethnocentrism, meaning they are the only ones who had think of these ideas that can be seen it the modern and early ages, being the elitist they are the ones who got the title of the work done, and by telling the story of their forefathers other early International Political System is discarded on the list, hence giving the title of the first legitimate International Political System to the Treaty of Westphalia. Treaty of Westphalia was created for the Europeans, because of the thirty years war that was motivated by religious and political control all over Europe. And because of this thirty years of war countless man, child and women had died, it even overcome the deaths that has been made in World War I and World War II, it said to believe that one-third of the population died in result of the war, because of these people dying every day for the past thirty years. And because of the Treaty of Westphalia it was ratified with the concurrence of the state’s present whom to themselves considered as the elite and civilized one, which all must follow. This treaty is the first manifestation that they are creating an International Political System, this law is the law of war a doctrine concerning when it is permissible to go to war and what means of conducting war are (and are not) permissible, meaning that they cannot go to war anymore because of this said treaty, hence they already know th at this war has been going for the past thirty years. If this will continue all that will be left to them are bones of their fallen comrades, which is not healthy to a state because man is the integral part and without man a state cannot exist. As history has proven the root cause of the thirty years of war was the tug of war in between the protestants and Catholics who both claims that their religion is the best and the truth. The influence of these leaders namely the clergies or priests in the catholic side and ministers or pastors on the protestant side greatly affected the citizenry because their decisions and allegiance is determined by the religion they belong too. Much of these situation political leaders also relies and asks for the nod or approval of the strong religious leader for them to get the majority back-up of the nations or states. So you could clearly see how it did affect the whole state. The unimaginable result of the thirty years of war paved the way for the birth of Treaty of Westphalia but definitely not the birth of International Political System. ‘Current Situations of the World’s Systems’ United Nations (UN) is an example of current International Political Systems, which facilitates all its constituents, for example: Philippines, China, Japan, United States, and many more different states. This serve as an international political system because first, it is recognize globally by member countries. Leaders of the different department of the United Nations such as World Health Organization (WHO), United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), International Labor Organization (ILO)[9] and other departments are selected from the most respectable and able man whose integrity are doubtless. Military or (peace keeping forces), Political, Economic, Societal and Environmental, which are commonly known as sectors of analysis are all present in the United Nation. At far it is concern with the peace among the states, development, human rights, and International Law. Because member states are the ones who will judge if the merit of claims of one state to another if t here is a conflict, United Nations will make a resolution against these conflicts, that’s why they are present when there is a war problem inside state for example Libya, they send peace keeping forces or military forces that got from its constituent states, even in Environmental disaster, they are there to help the people of their constituent states. Human Rights a philosophical foundation[10], (covered societal interaction), as stated they are simply by virtue of human being against war that’s why peace is more rampant, ironically Human Rights were made after World War II in connection with the Holocaust, the experience of Nuremberg tribunal convinced leaders of the need to set forth international standards to prevent genocide from ever occurring again. Human rights is where they create laws that will served as a shield by every single person of a state and it will at most prevent wars and unhumanitarian acts whether it’s a girl, children or man, moreover this human right law is by far the greatest law the United Nation has made. United Nation’s goal of developing existing laws to cope with changes and prevention of possible war, talking about state to state wars, why say that? Because after the human right law has been implemented, the rights of the people were seen nowadays, they cannot kill people because they just want it to, hence they cannot kill because of their opposite religious beliefs, and lastly you cannot kill people anymore regardless what nationality they are, or else great consequences will be used against you if ever you will do such crime. Racism is vehemently trashed. But a rebuttal here is Libya, Iraq, and Syria in this time is in a great war against, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), as we can see this is not a state to state war because war is present inside the state. Ironically the above mentioned states are all members of the United Nations but they do not adhere to the principle of peace, humanity and unity among member states. Even though they have violated international rules still the United Nations tries its best to pacify the situation. As a proof of this our very own Philippines, as a member of the United Nations send troops to this country therefore in this context military is present in United Nations, because as a member of this organization we must share our resources, help in any possible means such as medical aid, medical force and even peace keeping forces. Just like other countries doing to the Philippines when it comes to natural calamities and disaster, even the People’s Republic of China disregarded the conflict in West Philippine Sea they still send troops here to help, foods and other things which they think may help a lot the typhoon victim which happened to be the strongest recorded typhoon in the world. It is a manifestation that China recognizes his membership in the United Nation and since the Philippines is a member state of the United Nation it is a good sign that China has the initiative and good intention to help us in spite of all the odds that they are having with the Philippines. Second best example I can give is the Philippines and China in connection with the West Philippine Sea, United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS) this is a compulsory procedures for dispute resolution among state parties, this process have the right to choose either they’re case is going to International Tribunal for the Law Of the Sea (ITLOS), International Court of Justice (ICJ), Arbitral Tribunal, and last but not the least special technical arbitral tribunal. Why apply the provisions of UNCLOS and United Nations If there is still conflict? Because United Nation was established for peace and to avoid World War I or World War II or such things to happened again. Because in a war nobody wins, yes they might say that they win, but literally in war, millions of lives is lost. The United Nations’ ultimate goal is to prevent wars; hence with the help of human rights, it serves to be an important term to prevent World War III because when World War I and Wor ld War II happened, there is still no concrete data on human rights. Nowadays member states or nonmember states think of the consequences if they will violate human right laws. They know that even after the incident they will be persecuted by the international community through economic sanction, persona non grata and other international recognized form of disconformity. Another good example is the International Labor Organization (ILO)[11]. Because of the creation of the International Law Organization member states are very keen in implementing rules regarding labor practices. International accredited systems regarding the way they treat local and foreign laborers are always given importance. The major role of an employee, laborer or any manpower is always given top priority in any countries. The welfare, salary and other related activities or benefits of the working force are in compliance with accepted rules and systems. International Political System as I viewed it is almost the same with any other system. It was made and pursued by respectable men whose goal is to have an orderly, respectful and effective way of life. We may be different in language, physical attributes, values, culture, religion, educational background and other things that makes a human different from an animal but for sure we the majority of the people would like to live in an atmosphere of peace, unity and love. I would like to thank people who intimated these systems, for they had helped a lot the succeeding generations on what they have done. Not only the philosophical leaders but most especially the unwritten leaders of the past who may not have been mentioned in any document or book but for sure contributed a lot on who and where we are now. They may have made mistakes or imperfections but that’s the reality of life no one is perfect. Our life is a continuous trial and error with the guiding principle of being of help to his people and committed to make this world a better life and place to live with. Bibliography Buzan, B., Little , R. (2000). International Systems in World History. New York: Oxford University Press. DAnieri, P. (2014). International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs. canada: Cenage learning. Guisepi, R. A. (1980 and 2003). The History of Ancient Sumeria. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from The History of Ancient Sumeria: http://history-world.org/sumeria.htm Kritzer, H. M. (2002). LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. Cape Verde: ABC-CLIO, Inc. Sumerian Gods. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Sumerian Gods: http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html 3 Pol 32012047692 [1] Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York; Oxford University Press, 2000), 1. [2] Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York; Oxford University Press, 2000), 1. [3] â€Å"Sumerian Gods†, Crystalinks.com, http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html, [4] The Peace of Westphalia.HistoryLearningSite.co.uk.2006. Web, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peace_of_westphalia.htm. [5] Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http://history-world.org/sumeria.htm. [6] Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http://history-world.org/sumeria.htm. [7] Walter Baucum, Sumerians who were they? The Sudden Civilization, http://www.uhcg.org/Lost-10-Tribes/walt1-Sumerians.html. [8] Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http://history-world.org/sumerian_language.htm. [9] United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ [10] United Nations http://www.un.org/en/. [11] United Nations http://www.un.org/en/. Lombroso and Beccaria: Theories of Crime Lombroso and Beccaria: Theories of Crime Criminology is the study of crime, from what causes crime to what could or does prevent it. The ideas which form the topic of criminology come from key thinkers in the area who come up with theories and carry out research to try to find evidence to support their claims. These thinkers can be influential in bringing about changes in areas such as the legal or prison systems. Two hugely influential thinkers in the area of criminology are Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso who have expressed views and formulated many theories which come under the category of criminology, from ideas on offenders to how they should be punished. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) belonged to the classical school of criminology which refers to the work carried out in the 18th century enlightenment period which would have followed utilitarian and social contract philosophy. Beccaria was part of an aristocratic Milanese family in Lombardy and went on to complete a law degree at the University of Pavia in 1758. Although Beccaria was an Italian economist and not a criminologist as criminology as we know it today was not ‘invented’ until the 19th century (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). Cesare Lombroso (1853-1909) came along after Beccaria and is often considered the ‘father’ of criminology and ,unlike Beccaria he belonged to a different type of criminological ‘school’, the positivist school of criminology which uses more scientific approach to studying the social science, using methods from the natural science such as systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, objective facts and deductive framework. Lombroso trained as a physician in Northern Italy and severed 4 years in the Army where he started his observations of individuals, he later went on to become the director of different asylums in regions of Northern Italy where he went on to further observe individuals becoming specifically interested in what he referred to as ‘primitive peoples (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). In the 18th Century Beccaria was the first to offer an explanation for crime and criminal behaviour. Strongly influenced by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes, Beccaria believed that we are hedonistic beings that look out for our own self-interest, by calculating the pleasure or pain that will result from an action to decide whether to do it or not (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010), which could lead an individual to commit crime if they believe that the resulting pleasure will outweigh any pain that may arise from the action. Due to this Beccaria also suggested that offending is a choice made out of free will from rational individuals just like those who choose not to take part in criminal behaviour. However, Lombroso offers a different opinion on offenders. Lombroso was strongly influenced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution and believed that offenders were throwbacks to earlier forms of humans. Lombroso believed that those who commit crime were atavistic, a term he developed for those who were not fully evolved and more ‘primitive’ than non-offenders (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). It was the atavistic nature of the individual which Lombroso believed was the reason the individual became a criminal. Lombroso even believed that if these these individuals were throwbacks of from previous stages of evolution then they should have differing physical and physiological characteristics from ‘normal’ individuals which he referred to as a stigmata, Lombroso suggested that characteristics such as supernumerary fingers or toes, larger jaws or ears, an insensitivity to pain, etc were indicative of an atavistic individual (Mazzarello, 2011). Lombroso exam ined and documented many criminals and suggested that he found these characteristics in each of them including Giuseppe Villella, an Italian criminal said to be similar to the notorious English serial killer Jack the Ripper, who Lombroso performed an autopsy on and upon examination of his skull and brain found similarities between it and that of less evolved primates, which for him supported his theory that criminality is the result of being less evolved than the ‘normal’ individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944.). Thus instead of criminal behaviour being the result of free will like Beccaria proposed, Lombroso believed that criminal behaviour has a deterministic element. While this theory was met with some scepticism in Europe, Lombroso was hugely influential in America, but this also had a negative side to it as suggesting that criminals can be identified by physical characteristics could lead to certain individual with such characteristics to be singled out even if they have not committed a criminal offence or been found guilty of a crime. Lombroso went on to develop his ideas and proposed that there are different types of criminals. Some examples of the types of criminal Lombroso suggested there are, are the born criminal, the insane criminal, criminaloids and criminals of passion. Firstly, born criminals, a term which was actually first used by a student of Lombroso’s Enrico Ferri, this type of criminal only makes up about a third of the criminal population but often commit the more serious crimes (Lombroso, 1872-1944.) and as outlined above is categorised presented with characteristics indicating an atavistic nature but Lombroso also believed that this type of criminal presented with epilepsy and was not morally intelligent. Secondly, the insane criminal, Lombroso suggested that this type of criminal was not a criminal since birth like the previous type but had become a criminal due to some kind of physiological change which affects their morality making them unable to â€Å"discriminate between right and wr ong† (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p 75). Examples of criminals in this category include those who are kleptomaniacs, nymphomaniacs, habitual drunks and child abusers. Another type of criminal outlined by Lombroso are criminaloids which have few of the atavistic characteristics or stigmata even though they are a form of born criminal they are not as threatening as those who fall into the category of the born criminal. However, they do present with different stigmata that born criminals do not such as early baldness or greyness. Although the real difference between born criminals and criminaloids is there differing psychological traits. The main difference being that the criminaloid individual starts offending later on in life and will always have a reason behind the offence (Lombroso, 1872-1944). The last example, criminals of passion, categorises those who commit crimes because they are â€Å"urged to violate laws by a pure spirit of altruism† (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p118) the y are not at all like the other types of criminals as they only commit crimes out of the best intention and are characteristically good. The physical characteristics of the criminals of passion are often attractive and gentle while their psychological traits are that of an excessively good, holy individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944). Another negative with the work of Lombroso is that he may have â€Å"detected potential Hydes in distinguished Jekylls† (Saturday Review of Politics,Literature, Science and Art, 1909) by over emphasising finding certain characteristics in individuals and generating the hypothesis that everyone with such a characteristic will be or is a criminal. Beccaria differing belief, that an individual chooses to commit crime, lead him to believe that for society to be sustainable such a choice should be met with a punishment and so in 1866 Beccaria published an essay entitled ‘on crimes and punishments’. Within this essay he expressed his ideas on criminal behaviour and what should happen to those found to have broken the law. Briefly put Beccaria believed that punishment of crime should be inevitable, consistent, proportionate and swift if it is to deter an individual from committing crime. By inevitable Beccaria means that if an individual is found to have committed a crime there should be no question as to whether they should or will receive a punishment as Beccaria believed that the certainty of a punishment had a deterrent effect regardless of the severity of the punishment (Newburn, 2009.). By consistent he means that everybody regardless of class, ethnicity or gender should be given the same punishment for the same crime, so that certain individuals dont believe that they can†count upon arbitrary leniency from judges† (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010, p. 5). By proportionate Beccaria believed that the punishment should fit the crime, this means that punishment should not be too excessive just for the sake of revenge as the â€Å"severity of the punishment should only be sufficient to as a deterrent† (Tierney, 2009., p.46). In order to be a deterrent of criminal behaviour Beccaria also believed that punishment should be swift, this means that the punishment should be delivered quickly and not be delayed. Beccaria also expressed his ideas on judicial torture and the use of the death penalty as a punishment for criminal behaviour. Beccaria believed that both were wrong as they went against natural rights theory. In regards to torture, he believed that it is wrong because if the individual who is being tortured is physically or mentally weaker they are more likely to confess to something they didn’t do and may implicate another individual who is also innocent. This lead Beccaria to proposition that if torture is the way of determining an individuals guilt or innocence then a mathematician would be better at deciding this than a judge due to them being able to predict or theories the amount of torture a certain individual may be able to cope with before confessing (Hostettler, 2011.). In regards to the death penalty, Beccaria was the first person of that time to publicly criticise the killing of an individual as a means of punishment for a crime. He believed that the state had no right to take anothers life because while Beccaria believed in social contract theory (that we give up certain freedoms to an authority in return for some kind of protection) he believed that no person would hand over the right to live for the protection offered. Beccaria also believed that the death penalty was not a sufficient deterrent to stop other people from committing crime, which for him was the primary role of a punishment leading him to the opinion that the punishment of death for a crime â€Å"is not only immoral, it is useless† (Hostettler, 2011., p. 55). However, although Beccaria held this belief he did allow for an exception to be made due to one of two reasons, either the individual still poses a risk to the outside world while imprisoned, or when the death penalty is seen as the only means by which to deter others from committing such a crime (Beccaria, 1764.). Lombroso also held a differing view on punishment and the death penalty to that of Beccaria’s. Lombroso believed that when an atavistic individual commits a crime â€Å"society has the right to defend itself from this kind of delinquent† (Mazzarello, 2001., p. 983) this includes a belief in the death penalty which Beccaria was strongly against,even though Lombroso believed that criminality was not a choice but determined as individuals were born criminals due to the argument that â€Å"man defends himself from wild animals without blaming them for not having been born lambs† (Mazzarello,2001., p.983). However, Lombroso and his theory of the insane criminal was influential in changing how those deemed ‘insane’ were dealt with in the Italian justice system as â€Å"measures were developed for the mentally incompetent dangerous offender† (Ramsland, 2009). Although Beccaria and Lombroso have many differing views and theories in the study of criminology and belonged to different schools, they were and still are strongly influential in reforming the justice and penal system. For example Beccaria ‘s ideas from ‘On Crimes and Punishments’ have been â€Å"incorporated into the United States constitution† (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010., p. 7) and Lombroso’s idea that we have free will to choose whether to take part in criminal behaviour can still be seen in more recent free will versus determinism debates (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). References Beccaria, C., (1995) [1764], On Crimes and Punishment and Other Writings, Edited by Bellamy, R., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Hayward, K., Maruna, S., Mooney, J., (2010). Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology. United Kingdom: Routledge. Hostettler, J., (2011). Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of ‘On Crimes and Punishment’. United Kingdom: Waterside Press. Lombroso, G., (1872-1944). Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso, New York and London, G. P. Putnam Mazzarello, P. (2001). Lombroso and tolstoy. Nature, 409(6823), 983. Retrieved from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059175 Mazzarello, P., (2011). Cesare Beccaria:An anthropologist between evolution and degeneration. Functional Neurology, 26(2), 97-101. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/947561454?accountid=17074 Newburn, T., (2009). Key Readings in Criminology. United Kingdom: Willan Publishing Ramsland, Katherine,PhD., C.M.I.-V. (2009). THE MEASURE OF A MAN: CESARE LOMBROSO AND THE CRIMINAL TYPE. Forensic Examiner, 18(4), 70-72. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/347552105?accountid=17074 The Labours of Lombroso. (1909). Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, 108 (2817), 495-496. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/876885570?accountid=17074 Tierney, J., (2009). Key Perspectives in Criminology. United Kingdom: Open University Press.

Women and Heart Disease :: essays research papers fc

WOMEN AND HEART DISEASE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heart attacks and heart disease is no longer considered a disease that affects just men. Women are at risk for these diseases too. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death among women. American women are more likely to die from heart disease than from breast cancer. It w3as said by the Texas Heart Institute that this disease kills more women over 65 than all cancers combined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times women are less likely to survive a heart attack than men are. The reason behind this could be that heart attack symptoms in women are sometimes different from those experienced by men. A woman having a heart attack may only feel pain in the arm or back, they may have some nausea or light-headedness. Shortness of breathe can also be a factor. Many risk factors that contribute to heart disease can be controlled. Quitting smoking, lowering cholesterol and regulating our blood pressure are some things we all should consider.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking is a major factor for heart disease. It lowers the good cholesterol, which in turn heightens the risk of heart disease. Although smoking in this country has been on the decline in the past years, the number of women who smoke has increased. The good news is that no matter how long someone smokes the risk can be quickly reduced by quitting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cholesterol levels are also related to a person’s risk of heart disease. Many times cholesterol can be maintained by diet, while others may need to take medication to treat it. A study reported by the American Journal of Cardiology found that HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels were the most important predictor of your heart health. The higher a woman’s HDL is the less likely she is to have heart problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypertension also known simply as high blood pressure is a common problem related to heart disease. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder. It also speeds up the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise and if necessary medication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With current statistics revealing significant differences between men and women with heart disease women as a whole, need to become more aware.

Book Report on Pigeons at Daybreak Essay

The story entitled â€Å"Pigeons at Daybreak† by Anita Desai of India is a representation of love and acceptance. Mr. Basu is the man who is unable to perform his task on his own because of the different illnesses that developed into his body. Otima, the wife of Mr. Basu has the selfless love towards him. She takes care of her husband despite of all the problems and complications that emerged in their situation. Otima used to read the newspaper for Mr. Basu. Because Mr. Basu could not able to read the newspaper due to poor eyesight, Otima produced deeper patience and love for her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the time when their house had no electricity due to electric problems, the two went to the terrace and decided to stay there until the electricity comes back but when the electricity went back, Mr. Basu refused to go back inside the house for it was the time of preparation of leaving. Mr. Basu accepted the fact that his life will soon vanish and become part of heaven. The pigeons in the terrace where Mr. Basu died symbolize his spirit and his journey in the next life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story is simple yet attackable. Its tragic situation brought life to the whole story. Then, with a swirl and flutter of feathers, a flock of pigeons hurtled upwards and spread out against the dome of the sky – opalescent, sunlit, like small pearls (Desai 228). This ending part of the story compressed the entire claim of the story. It means that the ending of the story signifies life as its wondrous creation but soon will end because every one of us will leave the world in beauty and a new journey will begin. Reference Desai, A. (date). Pigeons at Daybreak. pp.220-228

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essays

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essays Robert Louis Stevenson was born kin to Thomas Stevenson in Edinburgh in 1850. His original plans in life were to follow his fathers footsteps as a joint-engineer of the Board of Northern Lighthouses, but being a sickly child prevented him from doing so. After abandoning the degree is engineering at the University of Edinburgh, he then decided to pursue writing in 1875. In this same year he was introduced to a life long friend, W.E. Henley. This friendship would later lead the pair to create four undistinguishable plays throughout the early 1880s. Stevenson traveled about for several years in pursuit of a cure for his ailments, until he then met his future wife, Fanny Osbourne, in France in 1876. From this point up through 1880 when he married Fanny, he wrote two novels: An Island Voyage and Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes. In 1879 he traveled to California by immigrant ship to be with Fanny who would divorce in 1880, then remarry Robert Stevenson in that same year. Mr s. Fanny Osbourne was ten years older than Stevenson, but she proved to have a kind heart and cared for Robert throughout many bouts of illness. In 1884 the couple moved back to Bournemouth after staying in Calistoga for several years. His most famous works of literature began to spring up in 1883, including: Treasure Island in 1883, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1886, Kidnapped in 1886, its sequel Catriona in 1893, and then The Master of Ballantrae in 1889. In 1888 R.L. Stevenson along with his family traveled to the South Seas where he gained the legendary aspect of his life. This was where Stevenson met up with Father Damien, a Belgian priest who devoted his life to caring for over 700 lepers at the colony of Molokai, who then died of leprosy in 1889. In 1890, after settling down in Samoa at Vailima, he published his popular defense of Father Damien, Father Damien: an open letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu. After ...

Examples of Simple Sentences With the Verb Learn

Examples of Simple Sentences With the Verb Learn As an English learner, youll want to know about the verb  learn.  Learn  is one of the few verbs in English that have two acceptable forms for  the past simple and as a participle.  Learnt  or  learned  is acceptable in both American and British English, but  learned  is more common in American English.   Base Form: ​Learn Use the base form of the verb in simple tenses including the present simple. The base form of learn is also used with the future form and modal forms such as  can,  should,  and  must: I usually learn a lot when I travel.Will you learn anything about math today?ï » ¿You should learn at least one foreign language. Past Simple: Learned or Learnt Use either learned  or  learnt  in past simple positive sentences: The children learnt about squirrels in school yesterday.I learned to play the piano at the age of five. Past Participle:  Learned or Learnt Use the past participle  learned  or  learnt  in past, present, and future perfect forms. This past participle form is also used in passive sentences. Perfect Forms: Shelleys learnt a lot in the United States.Peter had learned to count to ten before he turned one year old.They will have learned their lesson by the end of next week. Passive Forms: Latin was learned by most students in the early 1900s.Patience is a lesson that has been learned by anyone trying to study a language. Present Participle: Learning The present participle  learning  is perhaps the most common form as it is used in past, present, and future continuous forms, as well as with the past, present, and future perfect continuous forms: Continuous Forms: Hes learning a little Chinese this month.I wasnt learning anything new when you interrupted the meeting.Hell be learning a lot of new things this time next week. Perfect Continuous Forms: Shes been learning English for a few years.Theyd been learning a lot from Tom before Alice returned.Tom will have been learning Japanese for two years by the end of next term. Example Sentences with Learn Here are example sentences in each  tense in English. As you study these examples, imagine a timeline on which the actions take place to help become familiar with tense usage.  Please note that passive forms are much less common in everyday English than active forms. Present Simple: She learns languages quickly.Present Simple Passive: Math is learnt slowly by some.Present Continuous: Jack is currently learning Russian.Present Continuous Passive: Russian is being learnt by the students.Present Perfect: Angela has learnt four languages.Present Perfect Passive: Four languages have been learnt by Angela.Present Perfect Continuous: Angela has been learning Arabic for the past few months.Past Simple: Jennifer learnt how to play poker yesterday evening.Past Simple Passive: Poker was learnt quickly by all.Past Continuous: She was learning her lesson when he telephoned.Past Continuous Passive: The lesson was being learnt when he arrived.Past Perfect: She had learnt the song by heart before Jack did.Past Perfect Passive: The song had learnt by heart by the class before the singer arrived.Past Perfect Continuous: Our children had been learning English for two months before we moved.Future (will): She will learn quickly.Future (will) passive: A new song will be learnt soon. Future (going to): She is going to learn a new language next year.Future (going to) passive: A new song is going to be learnt next week.Future Continuous: This time next week we will be learning in a new classroom.Future Perfect: She will have learnt everything by the end of the month.Future Possibility: She might learn something new.Real Conditional: If she learns Russian, she will travel to Moscow.Unreal Conditional: If she learnt Russian, she would travel to Moscow.Past Unreal Conditional: If she had learnt Russian, she would have traveled to Moscow.Present Modal: She can learn easily.Past Modal: She cant have learnt that so quickly! Quiz Conjugate with Learn Use the verb learn  to conjugate the following sentences.  In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Angela _____ Arabic for the past few months.Math _____ slowly by some.Poker _____ quickly by all.She _____ the song by heart before Jack did.A new song _____next week.She _____ everything by the end of the month.If she _____ Russian, she would have traveled to Moscow.Angela _____ four languages.She _____ languages quickly.Jack _____ currently _____ Russian. Answers: has been learningis learnt / is learnedwas learnt / was learnedhad learnt / had learnedis going to be learnt / is going to be learnedwill have learnt / will have learnedhad learnt / had learnedhas learnt / has learnedlearnsis learning

Final exam quesiton 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final exam quesiton 2 - Essay Example Moreover, this resulted in the decline of the importance of family that was considered sacred in the Indian traditions. There was also a decrease in the importance of the family, whereby young people began making important life choices, which were previously made by their parents. For instance, parents made decisions such as who to marry, and where to work for their Indian children. The world war two also played an important social role in that, the war set families in motion, dragging them out of farmsteads and out of small towns and relocating them into large urban areas such as New Delhi.  Were it not for this war, many Indians would still be living in rural areas and some high levels of developments would not have been attained. Moreover, in my opinion, the Second World War affected greatly the racial discrimination, which existed prior to the war. This happened in that the different races, people of Indian origin and Americans integrated in the war for a common objective. Previously, the marines excluded the Indians where they were used as

Health promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health promotion - Essay Example For instance, the organization sets standards which helps to safeguard public safety in terms of nutrition or quality preventative medicine. Thirdly, the WHO role is to articulate on the ethical plus evidence-based health promotion strategy options, through provision of technical support, promoting change, and constructing sustainable institutional capabilities. Thus, the organization eases technical support to nations even as it monitors and disseminates progress on public health needs, while assisting in political mobilization and financial support. The other role of WHO in health promotion is to scan and report on any international outbreak alerts even as it institutes response networks in preparation for any form of outbreaks. Accordingly, the organization helps national authorities together with local communities in strengthening their overall capability to manage all forms of crises. This is more so through guaranteeing effective and well-timed action when it comes to tackling public health concerns. The organization ensures local health structures are operating effectively and efficiently, and if not to mitigate against the outcomes of a particular public health crisis. Therefore, the WHO is involved in monitoring global health situation while assessing the changing health trends (World Health Organization, 2013, para 3). Educational Authorities The role of national Education Authority in the delivery of health promotion is based on the 1998 strategy framework referred to as ‘Saving lives – Our Healthier Nation’ (National Health Service, 2013, para 3). Thus, the roles of educational authorities does not just involve highlighting public health through personal behaviour change or lifestyle change, but also through health improvement with a strong emphasis on the wider social, monetary and environmental determinant of wellbeing. Their main responsibility is to research and broadcast facts and information regarding health improvement. Se condly, education authorities are involved in providing advice on creating and implementing of health standards while developing the capability and competence of personnel working on health enhancement. Thirdly, they are responsible for fostering skills and programs required for effective team healthcare, such as interdisciplinary team education for learners in nursing, and social work. Therefore, their job is to place a duty on educational institutions to ensure that they promote children and learners mental, emotional, and social as well as their physical health. This is not just through the creation of curriculums which have a holistic view to health and wellbeing, but also through the promotion of NHS nutrition, public health awareness and expertise in planning and deliverance of good lifestyle behaviors in schools (Ewles, 2006, p.29) Social workers Social workers also play a huge role in the delivery of health promotion. Firstly, they are involved in defining evidence?pedestal interventions that do not just focus on individual level care, but also community level care (Payne, 2005, p. 217). For instance, applying teaching and counselling in addressing lifestyle diseases like obesity or chronic illnesses. Secondly, social workers are mandated to Increase communities and individuals protective health