Form a christian perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Form a saviorian perspective - Essay ExampleFirstly, its a great worshiping of the Prophet Jesus (the Christ), and of number of saints what defines nearly of Christianity. Despite being a monotheistic religion, Christians refer less to God while more to Christ (whom Christians see as a Gods son) and to other iconic figures, primary historical postures (saints) when praying. Christians electrical relay on stories about Christ and saints, on the wisdom they were proclaiming, truth they were teaching, and try to follow examples of Christ and saints in own lives. Christ and saints are also used as bailsmen on heaven, thus when asking for something Christians a great deal turns to them, than to God directly. Even those branches of Christianity which negate saint iconic figures, commonly recognize a preacher whos talking to God.To gain insight into Gods purpose, Christians need to receive a translation from politics and thus, Christian turns to the Church. Christian Church (the Church) is less important for Christians than a local church they specifically conk to. Christianity is a single religion, but its also a worldwide. Theres a draw poker of different confessions and variations of Christian belief, and therefore most close Christians are with their local churches where a local parson preaches regularly, for the same audience for quite a period of time. Christians tend to came to a church for soul businesses as much often as for social businesses and in this way, create a community. Christians love to be unite to share a one way, and a local church unites Christians together.Christians pay a great vigilance on sharing. Love and care for their neighbors define Christianity as its the famous claim Christ had made. Christians hand money for churches (for some confessions, theres a specific percent from income to contribute) and for other good kit and caboodle which are primary, of local needs.

Marketing in search engines and financing Assignment

Marketing in search engines and pay - Assignment ExampleSimilar to way spam has lowered the efficacy email marketing, the click invention raised the cost of search engine marketing and lead to a reduction of its attraction to merchants. approximately of the aspects surrounding paid placement argon that anyone can click on the engine ads raising the cost of merchants, without making any leveraging. Consumer objects this service since one can increase his or her revenue by requesting friends or relatives to click the ads Microsoft or Google place on his or site without even making any purchase (Kennedy and Kristjan 71).Purchasing a car, home, or shopping using credit card are examples of debt financing. You are receiving a bestow from someone or even a furrow under the condition of paying the loan back with some interest (Jagpal and Shireen 525). Using debt financing to start up a flyspeck origin takes a similar way. An entrepreneur can apply for a loan to start a calling from banks or friend, loaners or from family members, which he must pay back with same interests. Debt financing is advantageous since the lender has no powers to control your business. After the completion of loan payment, the relationship between the debtor and the creditor ends. If one business is a local startup business, which does not require large-scale funding, then debt financing is the best excerption (Jagpal and Shireen 526).Equity financing unlike debt financing involves investors. An investor can decide to offer his company shares to friends, family members, or small investors. However, this form of financing involves angel investors or venture capitalists. Equity financing is advantageous since the investor incurs all the risks. If your business fails to raise the money, the investor cannot force you to pay the money (Jagpal and Shireen 526). This form of financing is appropriate for small business when they are at their very startup stages. Such investors who fund thes e small businesses are Angle investors who invest

Reformation on the modern world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reformation on the new world - Research Paper ExampleThe Reformation age can be also considered as fruition into the age of reason cutting down the legacy of unnecessary theological illusion (Kobe). The root word will be discussing about the impact of the reformation into the young with the recognition that it was a r organic evolution along with special reference to science, field of art and music and religion. 2. An abridgment of the impacts on the modern world to begin with moving in to in depth discussion, a brief insight of the impact on the modern world can be elucidated. Firstly, the reformation era splits Christendom into Catholic and Protestant with the destruction of the religious haleness of Europe and weakening the authority of church (Holt, 133). The concept of modern secular and centralized state is an set a let on of reformation, boosting power to the monarchs at the expense of the church bodies. In this respect it can be stated that the neighboring(a) aftermath was the establishment of commanding monarchy and the Protestantism through religious justifications indirectly contributed to the development of the political liberty which is a predominant feature of the modern west. The notion of equality can be also seen as an evolution of the reformation era the fruits of which are enjoyed in the modern world. ... onscience in the reformation era may be regarded as a precursor of the development of the capitalist spirit and that of the underlying mechanism of the modern stinting life (Weber, 42-45). 3. Science and Reformation period The modern science can be regarded as the germinating reference of the reformation period. The doctrine of creation and rationality can be said to be the indispensable part of the reformation period. The herald of scientific explanation in the reformation started from the study and direct observation of the personality. The name of the prop wiznts like Martin Luther, Copernicus holds special reference as they ca n be regarded as the pioneers in introducing the scientific fashion of thinking (Kobe). 3.1 Medieval view The gallant world view believed that the nature was an everlasting process and that it unplowed going from moment to moment by miracle which was new and renewed forever. The presumption was that god the Almighty was the one who ordered the universe with the help of the miracles. The process was also executed with the human beings absolute faith in God (Kobe). 3.1 Rationalistic view- An exodus from the medieval view The above stated medieval view was protested in and around the fifteenth century by some intellectuals who wanted to explore the reasons of the miracles which demarcated the rationalistic view of science. The rationalistic view of nature implied that the mind of man is able to forecast the possibilities and impossibilities in the nature with proper justifications. Luther, Copernicus, other reformists and later on Marx also criticized the medieval and superstitious b eliefs of the Church (Wuthnow, 492). 3.2 Luther and Copernicus Martin Luther was called the Copernicus of theology and Copernicus was called the Luther of astronomy.

Fiction analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fiction depth psychology - Essay ExampleBecause the grandmother recognizes him, the entire family is recognizen back into the woods and killed with the exception of the grandmother, who is allowed to talk with the Misfit until the residue of the family is dead and then is killed there at the side of the road. A few more superficial comparisons gutter be made in that the main character of each story is a charwoman, each woman must face the death of her son and both women die by the end of the story for reasons they subscribe little or no control over. However, there argon deeper similarities between these two stories that emerge when ane takes a closer look. These similarities include being written in the realist tradition, featuring men who suddenly realize their stimulate roughhewn connections and both having a gothic element. One of the most glaring similarities between these two stories is that they are both written in the realist tradition. The realist tradition in Americ an literature focused on the design that people were just people, not submerged divinities as the transcendentalists claimed or helpless victims of fate as the naturalists claimed. These American realists believed that humanitys freedom of choice was limited by the power of outside forces (Penrose). In other words, realism acknowledges individuals nurture their own power to make choices, barely that they are also forced to work within boundaries conventional by external events. In Chopins story, this is seen as Desiree finds herself trapped in a situation in which her pricy husband can no longer stand the sight of her because of the obviously mixed blood seen in their baby - a condition she cannot control. However, her fate is peg downd by her individual choice to not take the broad, beaten road which led to the far-off plantation of Valmonde ... She disappeared among the reeds and willows that grew thick along the banks of the deep, sluggish bayou and she did not return back again (Chopin). It is also found in OConnors story as the grandmother is unable to determine where she will go for a family vacation, but has the option of going along with the family or continuing to maneuver for a trip to Tennessee instead of Florida. In each case, there are limiting outside forces, but it is still the individuals choice that leads them to their fate. Both stories also have a strong gothic element. Some of the common elements of Gothic literature are emotional terror, some form of crumbling architecture, death and madness occurring among the characters, a intellect of pervading darkness and plenty of secrets and hereditary curses (Hume 282). Desirees home is dark enough to give Madame Volmonde shivers with its deeply sloping roof, hideous and black like a cowl, and the big, solemn oaks whose thick-leaved, far-reaching branches shadowed it like a pall (Chopin), giving a strong instance of foreshadowing in the symbolism used within this description. The nearby ma rshes, the stubble of the palm that cut Desirees feet on the November evening that she disappears, and the prevailing gloom of the harshly treated slaves all function to perform a gothic environment. This is further enhanced by the mental anguish of the lady as she perceives

Sainsbury's Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sainsburys Case composition - Essay ExampleFrom the auspicious events in the 1970s to the menacing 21st century, the connection stakeholders had to remain on their toes being susceptible to the fluctuating financial position of the company. Impact of the problems and the resolve strategy on the Investors It was each(prenominal) going favourable for the company investors till the start of 2002 when the occurrence began to worsen. The profit position of the company deteriorated in 2004 which initiated the warning signals for the investors. The fact that half of the Board of Directors and some of the executives had resigned created a bleaker picture for the financers of the company and hence move the investor confidence. This mustiness have created immense problems and communication gaps between the two parties involved. This situation demanded a huge start towards relationship management in the company. The company management and executive board needed to minimize the communic ation gap and that could have been done by calling company meetings and putting up issues in the one-year general meeting of the company (Kehoe 2011). To boost the investor confidence the company would have to work on promotional material efforts in the public sector. On the other side, the management had started to form negative connotations of the Sainsbury familys efforts. ... There were in like manner discrepancies in the financial matrices of the company that created a lot of misconceptions for the investors. The strategies that were later used by the company too impacted the investors. For example, the management spent ?3bn on IT systems which certainly alarmed the investors in such troublesome time. In these times the company management badly needed to find policies that could create motivation in the investors and edict cordial relationships between the company stakeholders. All measures that had to be implemented impacted the investor directly or indirectly. til now the policy of finding a target market had implications for the investors (Shah 2012). The executives of the company had to use this concept as a yardstick in the process of decision making and strategic planning. From the case study we can advantageously identify that the investors wanted rapid profits at this time which obviously was not feasible. Impact of the problems and the solution strategy on the Board of Directors The entire scenario under discussion posed serious questions on the viability of the company that should have been very worrisome for the company directors. The strategic decision making in these tough times was very difficult and each decision could have created a do or die situation for them. Hence prudence in each implementation step was needed to a lot of extent. The problems such as that of weakening financial position of the company must have led to people pointing fingers at the directors. The directors would have faced pressures not only from the investor s but also from the employees. The point of losing market share must have popped up concerns

Management One Protective Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management One Protective auspices - Essay ExampleIn this particular Iraqi private security company, the twist that guides leadership and ally hierarchies include positions of Country Manager, Regional Manager, Operations Manager, Team Leader, 2ic Deputy, driver support staff and a transformation expert. Reis & Pena (2007) identify that vertical hierarchies are ill-prepared for empowering workers and will not be ready to accept change. at that placefore, to improve performance, it is send-off necessary to examine the structure that guides interoffice activities and also those impacting client births to determine which type of structure is most legal in gaining support from the team up members and also at the individual level. Communication, in this type of industry, requires a 360 detail movement, therefore establishing a structure where information moves across the entire employee and bus network instead of barely being elicited from the highest layers of leadership. Del egating is not a difficult managerial task for fostering more(prenominal) support for a project initiative or the basic routine of ensuring quality customer relationship management. Reinstein (2007) identifies that there are three types of individuals that will either support or resist change practices. There is a small support group at 25 percent, undecided varieties that sit on the proverbial fence on issues at 50 percent, and another at 25 percent who are adamantly against change efforts. The key is to first make the cultural dimensions that drive each member of the team and understand their personality type. In some cases, this can be courtly through consultation with generic forgiving resources staff to locate or distribute a personality profile testing using honored models for this research effort. Further showing the inter-linkage between motivation and knowledge, support for more team-based efforts can be accomplished by creating an interpersonal relationship with team members to build support for future efforts involving client relationships. Delegating in the face of change resisting personalities requires an authoritarian approach whilst delegating with undecideds or supporters is merely creating a team-focused environment with a quality blend of social and authoritarian skills. The first phase of development in teams is membership (Bushe & Coetzer, 2007, p.187). representation occurs effectively when members are already committed to achieving a project or client-related goal. 2. Teams Having already identified the structure of this particular team, there are three specific features that create the need for a progressive and transformational manager to gain support and commitment 1. It is exposed to conflicting and radically unique cultures with each client interaction. 2. rent out roles change significantly with each client scenario, thus it requires flexibility from group members. 3. Management and subordinates are empower to innovate and work independently from the group. A key player in this group is the translator who functions as a logical and cultural bridge to clients of all varieties. This individual is relied upon by each member of the team as a liaison for client needs and there runs the risk of much being befogged in translation both verbally and in terms of expressive body language. The study of backup is afflicted by confusion between the results of a survey of what

The Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture Assignment

The Role of Leadership in Shaping organisational Culture - Assignment ExampleShaping musical arrangement culture is essential if the organization leadership aims at having a healthy and high performing organization culture. Since culture involves the unwritten and written rules of how people would operate with each other to achieve organisational objectives. This paper attempts to outline the role of leadership in an organization by shaping its culture. Organizational culture is integral in ensuring that the organization identify and execute strategical plans. Successful leaders warrant that they strain the culture of the organization instead of letting the culture to shape the organization. Culture shaping involves strategies that can promote an integrated system in the organization from top to bottom. To ensure that the performance and growth of the company adheres to the organization goals, the leaders must ensure that there is behavior modification among individuals and te ams in the organization. It is therefore necessary that personal break serve as the foundation of culture transformation (House, 2006). Leaders shape and influence the organizational culture through molding of values, beliefs within the organization and elemental assumptions by the members of the organizations. The key and critical factor for a manager to ensure that there is enough assert organization culture is empowering the employees to build a good relationship that would lead to change in organizational culture. Effective leaders engage formation of strategies that would shape the organizational culture through influencing members to a supportive relationship within the organizational program. Leaders who are intelligent learn on changing the organizational culture and focus more on empowering the people to enhance good relations. There are several(prenominal) strategies that can be used by managers to ensure positive organization culture is applied (Wells, 2013). The sta rt strategy

Roles and Responsibilities of a Newly Qualified Nurse. Professional Essay

Roles and Responsibilities of a Newly certified Nurse. Professional Role Development - Essay ExampleThis statistic demonstrates the importance of professional role adaptation, growth and development, as well as the signifi gougece of familiarity in the roles and responsibilities of a immaturely adept and answer admit. The school-bred determine should reconcile with the real world values of care for practice. This is crucial in mitigating discrepancies that may occur when the new graduates take up their roles in health fretfulness service delivery (Duchscher 2008, p.3). Knowledge on roles and responsibilities is crucial in the pre-empting of role ambiguity and resultant job dissatisfaction and maintenanceer disillusionment that may arise. The consolidation of the attained intimacy and skills is essential in availing a smooth innovation from student to a professional practitioner. For a newly qualified nurse, the core concerns lie in care delivery and management as well as p ersonal and professional development (Burton and Ormrod 2007, p.2). Critical Discussion The fields of practice that newly qualified nurses can specialize in are diverse and may incorporate acute care of the elderly, coronary and alleviator care, mental health nursing, or substance abuse. The roles of a nurse span from being caregivers to counsellors. They also advise for the client and are change agents in the sense of modifying the clients lifestyle in a healthier pattern. The primary role of a nurse is provision of proper care and protection to the patients to shield their health and wellbeing (Duchscher 2008, p. 5). Nurses roles include providing proper health and social care in a unhazardous and valuable manner to patients (Burton and Ormrod 2007, p. 3). In addition, nurses should also respond to patients needs and deliver care within their context such as drug administration and infection control. Nurses also provide knowledge and support to patients and monitor vital signs of patients. Newly qualified nurses have a responsibility of maintaining the set standards of care as well as conform to the set ethical and legal decisions. The transition into the nursing profession, in particular the initial adjustment is usually marred by feelings of anxiety, insecurity, inadequacy, and instability. This revolves around the newly trained and qualified nurses roles, responsibilities, relationships, and knowledge (Burton and Ormrod 2007, p.4). Transition shock is occasioned by the fact that new graduates are confronted by a wide range and scope of physical, intellectual, emotional, developmental, and sociocultural changes as they take up their fresh roles. The newly trained and qualified nurses must, therefore, institute mechanisms that shape readiness for the new roles. Preparedness and reinforcement in role transition is essential in order to reconcile the associated intensity and duration of the transition experience. Newly trained and qualified nurses should be ready for the escalating workplace expectations. A newly trained nurse should be competent in handling the new roles. The essence of having prior knowledge of the profession and workplace expectations is outstanding as it bridge over the transition shock. Knowledge on role transition is crucial in constructing successful integration of nursing professionals into the potentially stressful and highly dynamic context of professional practice. This calls for a better

The Department of Defense as an Organization Research Paper

The plane section of Defense as an Organization - explore Paper Example(Fox 4). This paper discusses on the organizing functions of a big organization which is the Department of Defense ( defense force) in terms of its human resources, knowledge and technology. It is a good measure of the organizations ability when viewed in this perspective especially at a time when there is a dearth of resources accessible due to budgetary constraints. power and effectiveness are good criteria by which to judge the leadership of the DoD in these areas. Discussion It is no small challenge to manage an organization the size of the DoD which is besides charged with keeping the warrantor of the nation as well as its allies internationally through the many defense pacts it signs with them. The Department of Defense controls the United States armed force services (army, air force, navy and marines) through its chairman, the joint chiefs of staff. The designated DoD secretary is the chief policy advi ser to the president in terms of execution of approved policies of the administration. In the exercise of its mandated duties or responsibilities, the DoD must likewise make full wise of the resources made available to it to carry out its mission of protecting the country and deterrence of war (DoD 1). Human Resources the DoD is the oldest and also the largest of all departments in the United States government. With some 1.4 million men and women in uniform (active duty and other 1.1 million people in the National Guard and Reserve forces), it also manages the pension, retirement and other benefits for the estimated 2 million retirees and their families. In addition, the DoD also employs approximately 718,000 civilian personnel. This paper is more concerned and focuses on how the DoD exercises its organizing function with these civilians. The DoD manages and organizes its large civilian employees primarily through its Civilian Personnel attention Service or CPMS. It is considered as the center of excellence for its civilian human resources to create and sustain a diverse, high-performing and flexible civilian workforce, a model of excellence in the entire Federal government bureaucratism (CPMS 1). The CPMS is charged with the overall strategic policy planning and oversight of the departments civilian employees plans, policies, and programs of its employees worldwide. It is headed by the deputy colleague secretary for civilian personnel policy. Its mandate includes talent acquisition, development and sustainment of excellence through its heterogeneous programs such as strategic workforce planning, career and succession planning, leader development and senior executive leadership programs including the Civilian Expeditionary Workforce (CEW). In line with cost-cutting initiatives, DoD has implemented its Emergency-Essential policy classifying the memory board of employees in civilian positions only when that position has been designated as E-E before crisis situations and secondly, if the civilian position is deemed necessary to brook combat-essential systems. This allows for flexibility to remove civilian employees to reduce payroll but still maintain effectiveness in the face of continued threats (AS-DOD 1). The second important direction the DoD has taken is in joining the outsourcing bandwagon by hiring contractors and sub-contractors to perform jobs previously done by the military personnel this policy covers foreign host-country and third-country

Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Karl Marx - Essay ExampleThough earlier whole lops created by Marx seem to be advocating the scientific and technological development by fetching it to be in force(p) for the reaping of human societies through his political ideology (156-7) nevertheless, his later works looks opposing the same partially because of the increase in exploitation of p officetariat by bourgeoisie in the kindle of industrial developments taking place in society (324). Somehow, instead of censuring the development, Marx aims to defy the evils the development had brought along with it. Since the political, social, economic, cultural and religious purlieu under which man is brought up and experiences the socialization process leaves an indelible imprints on his ideological thoughtfulness, the initial age cognitive development and thoughts keep on influencing his outlook and opinion on the one side, and regulating his actions and look on the other the same is equally applied to the set of political an d socioeconomic beliefs maintained by this distinguished philosopher and Father of Socialism i.e. Karl Marx (1817-1883). Born in the culturally divided Prussian state of Europe, Marx in person noticed the existence of the state of conflict between the social classes, which helped the young philosopher to examine the prevailing fortune within the historical background of human societies. Instead of adopting the notion that the development of human societies was an outcome of the growth of the rule of law or mans cognitive development, Marx declares it actually the result of material controls of liveness (3). The improvement of material conditions of life, according to Marx, simply refers to the development of means of production actually, which play decisive role in enhancing the political and economic conditions as well as intellectual growth of the individuals and societies, which he has excessively described in his letter to Kreuznach (12). In addition to this, the latest mode s of productions, Marx elucidates, not only increase the productiveness to an imperative extent, but to a fault pave the way towards the exploration of further avenues of productivity in the wake of the advent of technological advancements (153). Consequently, Marxs initial years political ideology appears to be providing an unconditional supporting to the advent of industrial growth taking place within his social surroundings. Somehow, this great German judgment has aptly viewed the rapid flow of industrialization to be detrimental for the peace and stability of society in his later work(s). The claim was actually the outcome of the disadvantages the industrialization had introduced in society by allowing the domination of the investors as the owner of all production units in the Marxs contemporary European societies. Since the proletariat used to work from dawn to dusk in the production activities of the industrial units, and hence maintained major share in income and profit gen eration, they certainly deserved the same proportion of share in profit volume (341). However, the lions share went to the producer/owner of the industry, according to Marx, without offering any benefits necessary for improving the condition of the workers altogether (376). Such a perturbed state of affairs not only invites disappointment of the workers, but also sense of alienation started haunting the minds of the workers,

PERSONAL ETHICAL VIEWPOINT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PERSONAL ETHICAL VIEWPOINT - Essay ExamplePersonal morality and responsibilities enable one to acquire good qualities and be obedient. Personal responsibility can also be considered as taking responsibility for ones practiceions and accepting the consequences resulting from those actions and understanding that the actions affect the people some us. According to my point of view, I think that people should develop good attitudes and virtues in order to act responsibly all the time. The ethical lens inventory helps me to identify my important ethical lens that supports me in maintaining my responsibilities and acting responsibly.Ethics are personal as everyone has a different foundation and potential for building his/her morals. My morals are mainly building my ethics as they guide me on what to do and what to intrust as good and right. The ethical lens inventory is an online assessment that assisted me to learn and determine my preferent ethical lens, identify my ethical biases and understand how the other individuals may view the same ethical dilemma in their accept perspectives. In addition, ethical lens inventory helps to identify how to prioritize my core determine when making ethical decisions. The ethical lens inventory helps one to determine whether their decisions focus on results or their goals, their rights and responsibilities, reputation, and relationship. These ethical lenses affect peoples decisions and their relationship with others when faced with ethical problems. By understanding my own biases and those of others, I find it easier to arrive on decisions without having conflicts.Personal ethics and responsibilities helps by motivating me to work baffling thus laddering to the success of my work. As a student my responsibilities help me to work hard on my subjects in order to enhance my learning and understanding. Personal ethics and responsibilities guide one to his or her destiny. My responsibilities lead me to my destiny as it refle cts my choices, actions, attitudes, emotions

How strategic business management can attain its objectives without Research Proposal

How strategic origin management can attain its objectives without affecting employees and customers - Research proffer ExampleThe researcher states that in strategic business management, there be various guiding theories, principles and practices. These are intended to steer the fundamental goals and objectives of the company in the context of increasing sales and covering wider areas of the market. Additionally, the source continues to state that, with well-stipulated management principles and theories, there are bound to be challenges. Alternatively, Drucker compliment what Cousins talks of the clear circumstance of incorporated objectives. On that aspect, the two authors want managers and workers to understand the various concepts and principles of management and how to, effectively, utilize resources of the company. Furthermore, by reasonableness management, managers and employees are able to work in smooth coordination, which is beneficial for the business and company in ground of increased lymph glands. Similarly, the authors call for constant evaluation of management goals through retrainings and adoption of modern technology. On the opposite hand, Davenport mentions and explains the various approaches that are critical for both managers and workers in the strategic innovation of the economy on the ground of dynamic innovations. For example, the author explains the need to employ tools such as suitable technology, qualified workers and offering motivational incentives to workers. In addition, he explains about visionary leadership on the side of managers and response to complaints from the customers among others as the most(prenominal) paramount tools of effecting strategic change in business. (Davenport 2007, p.67). However, Steve, J (2009) have come up with five imperative disciplines when it comes to exemplary performance for any company. These disciplines include respect for clients, timely provisions of products and services, clear stu dy of the market demands, motivation of the workforce through better wages and encouragement and effective leadership (Steve 2009, p.56). Furthermore, the writers observe that companies should call for modern challenges that afflict businesses whence affecting strategic management as ways of improving on their strong areas. On that perspective, Brutus (2006) discusses in depth the challenges that afflict organizational management in terms of the kinetics employed to increase sales and improve on profits. Similarly, the author delves into the fit outbacks that affect companies when they face challenges such as poor leadership from top management, unmotivated employees and slow response from customers, which in turn affects the market demand, and hence company sales (Brutus 2006, p.110). Additionally, this interferes with strategic management set by company executives and the obligation of meeting them on time. 2. The Conceptual Framework Therefore, in terms of a conceptual framew ork, several factors involved will be drawn from the literature studied previously. However, the research proposal must mention that effective strategic business management is paramount for the success of any company that aspires to succeed (Carl, 2003, p.87). Similarly, utilization of resources, quick response to client complaints and adoption of initiatives targeted at advancement of the company has several benefits for long and short terms. Alternatively, business managers and other corporate executives should aim at incorporating the various stakeholders such as clients and competitors in the picture of drafting workable strategic business management. On that aspect, this research proposal cannot forget to mention the predicaments associated with strategic business management. For instance, undefined goals and objectives set by company executives and lack of through of the market pattern among other limitations. On that prospect, factors such as timely adoption of technology,

Paraphrasing a methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paraphrasing a methodology - Essay ExampleDinesh Seth, for giving us an fortune to work with him and for his total dedication in supervising us, and for his patience in working with us.Thirdly, we are quite an acceptable to all the professors and instructors who directed and guided us end-to-end the project, our special thanks goes to Dr. Choe and Dr. Faraye for their guidance, their encouragements, and assistance through let on the project.Also, we would like to thank the management and the employees of the feeling press for their time and their dedication during data collection and during the tidings of the various parts of this project.Lastly, this project would not have been possible without the support of our families. Hence, we are indeed grateful to our families for their love, patience, and constant encouragements throughout the project.This section foc expends on the method used in data collection and compend using a combination of ISE principles and tools. In this se ction, the group discovered non-value adding practices and inefficiency pockets through the use of engineering interpret and practice, critical observations coupled with systematic questioning techniques for data collection through interviewing staff, managers and the executives. Also, the group made use of various surveys, checklists, and videography in analysing processes and work methods. The group also made observation of the staff while during the printing processes.The group visited the printing press many times and collected the pertinent data, the existing ways of carrying out tasks, and then made a comparison of processes bearing in mind the industrial engineering base on costs, challenges faced during designing, printing, cutting, lamination, and ergonometric considerations.The group spent substantial amount of time for data collection and to check the challenges and the constraints of the existing layout, cutting, and printing processes. Basing their data collection on data related to

Reflective diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Reflective daybook - Essay Exampleof communicating effectively through training and development however, most of the learning is acquired through automatic learning in natural settings. In either case, effective communication has proved critical throughout my life, both in school and at home. Effective communication involves skills such as active listening, nonverbal communication skills, nisus management, and emotional control. In writing this brooding diary, I utilise the Cooks 4Rs of reflective practice because it is simple and straightforward to use. Cooks model of reflection consists of four stages these are recollection, reaction, reflection, and response.During the stock of this module, I engaged in effective communication with my peers and tutors. Some cases required active learning among the peers as we progressed through the module. Communication with the Course Committee also required engaging in sending and receiving messages with bang-up caution, as it was necessar y to ensure both parties send and receive the messages in their exact forms. While we were fashioning groups for role-play, it was sometimes difficult to reach amicable solutions to issues especially those that were characterized with conflicting decisions. We had to sit down as a group and discuss all issues that were affecting the process of our role-play. We accepted our individual differences and cultural diversities, and focused on the goals of our assignment. Effective communication was a critical ingredient in this process. The Course Committee advised us to seek clarification all the time in case we had any issues with preparation of the role-play and reflective diary preparation.I learnt various methods of communication in delivering messages. These methods include written, oral, and non-verbal communication. Written messages are the most frequently used mode of communication in organizations (Holliday, Hyde, and Kullman, 2010). The types of written communication include m emos, letters, periodicals,

A Road to Life Movie Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Road to Life Movie compendious - Essay ExampleThe movie concentrates upon the activities of the orphan children, who are kept and looked after with proper care and relate in a rehabilitation camp. The movie shows that the camp commission provides them with comforts and trains them to learn various technical foul skills under an affectionate, nurturing and congenial environment, which is helpful for the socialization of the orphan boys as a result a bearing-size number of boys learn how to behave like civilized persons while interacting with other members of society. Nevertheless, two of the boys keep on deviating from the rules and regulations, and commit the crimes, which create much disturbance and annoyance in the locality. It clearly demonstrates the bitter fact that in that location certainly exist some people in every society, which have natural inclination towards committing crimes.Since it was the time of black and white films, the director has sought support from sha des, shadows and dark colors. For instance, the evening and night scenes of the camp life have been supported with the same techniques. Moreover, being the first sound film, the director has in like manner applied the compose words on the screen in order to demonstrate various areas and situations going to be displayed in the movie. The words appear on the screen in order to guide the audience in look on of the location, where the specific part of movie is being established. In addition, close and remote camera skills can also be witnessed in order to show distance between different characters. and objects and places as well. Establishing shot technique has been exercised in Zighans catching the shoes stolen by the deviant boy at the railway station. In addition, close up technique has been applied in order to reveal the face expressions and body expression of the characters. The film takes the audience from one place to the other through the wonderful application of cross-cuts technique. For instance, the scene demo the main characters standing and wandering at the railway st

Power and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

advocate and Organization - Essay ExampleA has power everyplace B to the extent that he kitty get B to do something that B would not otherwise do (Dahl 1961 p. 202-203). Dahl chose to analyze decision-making on key issues only, and, furtherto a greater extent, did not state objective criteria for the selection of such key issues (Dahl 1961). He held that he was adequate to identify subjective interests in the form of dominant policy preferences made visible by patterns of policy-making participation in concrete key issue decision-making. Peter Bachrach & Morton S. Baratz (1962 1963 1970) fervently criticized this integrity-dimensional approach, asking whether a sound concept of power could be predicated on the assumption that it was totally embodied and fully reflected in concrete decisions.Power is a term, which is defined in contrastive ways by different theorizer because power can be used as a means of influence in different ways. Way back, Max Weber has defined power as P ower is the probability that one pretender within the relationship go forth be in the position to carry out his own will despite resistance (Weber, 1947, P.152). Nord has defined power in the context of mobilization of energy and resources to achieve one set of goals as against other sets of Goals. He defines power as follows. Power is the ability to influence flows of the purchasable resources towards certain goals as opposed to other goals. Power is assumed to be exercised only when these goals are at least partially in conflict with each other (Nord, 1978, P.675). Robbins has defined power in the more elaborate way when he says Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B does something he or she would not otherwise do. This definition implies 1) A potential that aim not be actualized to be effective 2) A dependence relationship, and 3) That B has some discretion over his or her behavior.

Current Police Vehicle Pursuits Policies and Procedures Essay Example for Free

Current Police Vehicle Pursuits Policies and Procedures EssayWhy We Need PolicyIt is distinguished to recognize that to use high speed methods in vehicle pursuit can only when strike risks reduced by un-holding a standardized guide as to how to proceed with the least of harm. The use of insurance policy is an important element in any delivery of social and care service. Codes of practice provide parameters as to what needs to be recorded, how actions are to be undertaken and to realize the inherent moral obligation to ensure the rights and dignity of all stakeholders (New Jersey Police part, 2001). Though, to provide consistency in application and resolution of dilemmas it is critical that continue contours have an integrated presentation so that they can be used across situations, and across levels of staffs. deliver PolicyCurrently there are written policies existing in every police military post in North America instigated by the National Institute for Justice (NIJ). However, these differ amongst agencies, which has resulted in the indetermination of how best to deliver best practices in police vehicle pursuit (Alpert, 1997). A standardized form of pursuit policy would allow for better comparisons across agencies, and to quantify practices ( part of Public Safety, 2000).Recommended Policy ChangesDevelop and monitor lizard a system to record information about pursuit driving. This will include narrative and multi-media forms, such(prenominal) as video, webcam and when necessary mobile camera and video.Continuous review and revision where necessary of pursuit policies. The timbre and direction of these documents need to be valid and relevant and respect the rights and welfare of all stakeholders. picture ongoing pursuit-specific training that includes ethical debating and written observation techniquesProvide training and supervision across policies to ensure staffs in critical thought, inclusive decision-making and uniform deliver of service s.Cultivate a culture of disclosure, reflection and critical compendium of responsibility for pursuit-actions amongst staffs. This includes having a supervisor read through and deliberates as to the appropriateness of pursuit activities in afteraction reports). try and make salient the ongoing risks and dangers of pursuit to guard against complacency of safety skips across time and experience. launch a minimum criteria to meet a low offense as compared to a high disrespect to determine when a decision be made to continue or to initiate pursuit of a suspects vehicle.Train to recognize when public endangerment outweighs a decision to pursue for example with incidents of traffic congestionProvide categories (ranking of criminal activities) and risk standards (rated from low to high) that allow staffs to easily and rapidly make distinctions during a chase compel a chase matrix from category scales to provide a set of specific standards that aid decision-making as to whether to start or continue a pursuit.Conclusion Police pursuit is a controversial issue in social discourse, due to the inherent dangers to police, the pursued and the public. Formulation of a policy that adequately provides categories of risks and standards, and emphasizes the sourness of the offence to determine if a chase is initiated or continued, appears to be the way to insure a consistent high level of best practices in pursuit. Ultimately, policy must seek to limit pursuit to only the most violent felons whilst resulting in the least risk to the public. Tragedy of road collisions due to police vehicular pursuit highlights the critical need for such policy.ReferencesAlpert, G. (1997) Police Pursuit Policies and Training. Series NIJ Research inBrief. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http//www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/164831.txtDepartment of Public Safety (2000) Uniform Statewide Pursuit Policy. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http//www.ct.gov/dps/cwp/view.asp?a=2151q=294336New Jersey Police Depart ment (2001) Police Pursuit. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http//www.state.nj.us/lps/dcj/agguide/vehpurs_2001.pdf

The Impact of ‘Scientific Ideal’ on the Development of Political Science Essay Example for Free

The trespass of Scientific Ideal on the Development of governmental intelligence Essay ledger entryThe philosophy of floor is a ingest on how the kind-hearted accounting is supposed to be laid down in papers. There are some(prenominal) studies that are interconnected with the process of erudite how and what should history contain about(predicate) the piece retiring(a). on with this, an important focus on how wide the philosophies on historical set up directly affect the developments in the empower systems of semipolitical science is also being as authoritatived.Political Science as defined mainly refers to the study of political behavior of great deal making up the giving medication of certain specific countries. These behaviors also include the scientific examination of the acquisition and the application of power in different forms of government practiced by respectively different countries as well. According to authors Dickerson and Flanagan in their intel ligence An Introduction to Government and political science (2001), Political Science is a process of conflict resolution in which support is mobilized and maintained for collective projects. This naturally means that it is a way in which countries are satisfactory to formulate world projects de to the existence of authorities who have the power to give permission for much(prenominal) public projects.Other known writers and philosophers have different views to struggleds the real meaning of the say study. As for Mao Zedong, Political Science is the study of authorities wherein political relation is defined as war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed (As cited by Slann, 2004). Another writer, Otto Van Bismarck says that Political Science is the art of politics, which is referred to as the art of the possible (As cited by Slann, 2004). To him, the said study makes impossible things to occur within the existence of the gentleman government.Indeed, as legion(pr edicate) writers have different and at times even contrasting views regarding the study of politics which is Political Science, debates and other social issues behind the controversies of political philosophies. Among the issues link uped within the topic is the fact that the Philosophies of report sets clear points showing the connection of the scientific ideal studies and observations to the developments of Political Science itself.With the use of some(prenominal) literary works readings and observation, an issue regarding the emergence of power within the history of sympathetic civilization shall be discussed in this paper. Along with this, some points of concern regarding the relationship between the scientific processes mostly called the scientific ideal in lay down the historical past of the sympathetice civilization and the development of Political Science up until the pledge time shall also be tackled herein.Philosophy of recordThe philosophy of history is referred to as the branch of the study of philosophy focuse on the eventual significance of human history to the present development of several typefaces of living within the human caller. Thus, this study includes political science within its scope. In the process of knowing the specific details of human history and its connection to the present existing systems in the human company, several questions are considered in performing the said study. First is the determination of the specific and proper unit used for the study of the human past. It mainly asks what possible unit should be mainly considered when history is presented to the readers of the present generation, the man-to-man points, the cities or the sovereign territories, the development of civilization or culture, or everything else comprised within the details of the human past?Another question is concerning the broad patterns used in posting the human past in historical write-ups and literatures. The main question is are th ere any patterns of progress followed in the posting of history? The extreme point of concern of this study is the direction passed by historical accounts. The question on this matter of concern is what is the driving force of the progress in history?The questions mentioned above are mainly used to observe the different aspects of human society. Moreover, among the aspects to be considered as mentioned earlier is the connection of this process to the developments of Political Science. Consequently, many debates arise because of the fact that there are many theories concerning this matter. Some of the theories of power and politics shall be discussed in the paragraphs to follow.The Introduction of Power in the Human SocietyWith the records written in the pages of history, it has been made clear that ever since the human civilization started to thrive in the face of the earth, leadership and power had already been a part of the humans everyday living. There had always been a need fo r people to have somebody live up as their leader to instruct them of what they are supposed to do. Simple forms of governments have been formed in the earlier eld of human existence to support the said need for leadership. On the other hand, many people too wanted to have the privilege of ruling their respective small communities. With this, there came to be the birth of simple politics.According to the analysis of Michel Foucault (1977) in the journal Politico-Historical discourse on Race campaign, politics began to thrive due to the fact that people wanted to become a part of the unequivocal power who rules other people. Because of this, Foucault claims that social conflict based on ethnic groups, class struggle as well as social elements contributing to power began in the earlier human generations.Then, as age passed, the simple political set up in the human communities began to change. Some tribes or even certain individuals wanting power, already wanted the position of a n official in a certain society already came up with different propagandas to get what they want. Indeed, the politics as defined by Mao Zedong earlier as war without bloodshed began to be given birth during these times of political progression in the human civilization.Another analysis on Philosophical account by Foucault (1976) entitled Society Must be Defended says that politics all began with the race struggle. People began to take territories as well as claim their peoples race when the beginning of politics had been introduced to the human society. This has been proven when the said analysis of human society and politics by Foucault had been used in Great Britain for study. It has been proven that people used to struggle against monarchy thusly having the motives of gaining considerable social class from not much different from that of the monarchial rulers.Indeed, as clear pointed out on the different literatures regarding philosophy of history and how the human past accoun ts had been laid down into writing, politics had been proven as a exploitation social factor which directly affects the whole societys life and dealing with their own communities.Today, as history makes it clear, political science has been continuously developing through the years of human civilization. From the simple forms of government and creation of simple laws to the birth of a more organized human rulership and more complex creation of laws, the scientific ideal had helped the people understand the developments of politics in the society as well as its study.Along the pages of human history, it could be tracked down how much politics as well as political science had been developing through the passing on of generations. The accounts on the years of imperialism and colonization have also been a factor, which contributed to the present political systems applied in many countries close to the world. In this regard, the introduction of democratic government about the world h ad been very successful because of the fact that history shows the need for such kind of rulership basing from the past occurrences that happened due to the existence of other forms of government. Although not all the nations around the world applies the said form of government, many people still began to realize that this form of government gives so much social welfare to people due to the effects of many analytical literatures written to support the said idea on freedom and democracy.Developments of Political ScienceAs mentioned earlier, political science had been continuously developing through the years. Indeed, the fact that through the scientific formulas of historical presentation of different political accounts through the years of human civilization, politics and its study had been able to aim for better ways of governing people and help the human civilization progress further for human advancement.In the face of history, it is clearly shown how the political aspect of th e society had bear upon so much of human activities through the years of progress. Other social aspects such as religion and social classes as well as the different ideologies regarding life had been directly affected by the development of politics in the whole world. Along with this, the analysis of the said factor in human society also continuously developed helping in further progress of politics itself. As often said by writers who endeavor in the reports of both social and political progress, the society is constantly developing and this is all because of the impact of history to the human civilization (Rousseau, 2005).ConclusionTrue, as clearly pointed out in the entire theme of this paper, scientific ideal in the placement of history of the human civilization on paper makes it possible for political science to develop in the way it analyzes the present political situations in the world. The creation of laws and other national rules are also directly affected by the said stat e of development in political science.Yes, indeed, the way history is carefully written for the benefit of the present generation is truly an important factor contributing to the progress of the study conducted by political science in the development of world politics and governance.BibliographyMartin Slann. (2004). Introduction to Politics Governments and Nations in the Twenty-First Century. nuclear Dog Publishing. Pp 14,15.Jean-Jacques Rousseau. (2005). The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government ofPoland, and Other Writings on History and Politics (Collected Writings ofRousseau). Dartmouth College Press. P 122.Dickerson, M. and Flanagan, E. (2001). An Introdustion to Government and Politics.Atomic Dog Publishing. 12.Foucault, M. (1976). Philosophical History. The Society Must Be Defended. turnaroundPublishing Company. 14.Foucault, M. (1977). Politico-Historico. Race Struggle. Verso Publishing Company. 21.Louis Althusser. (2001). Politics and History Montesquieu, Rousseau, Ma rx (RadicalThinkers). Verso Publishing Company. 23.Iain Hampsher-Monk. (1993). A History of Modern Political Thought Major PoliticalThinkers from Hobbes to Marx. Blackwell Publishing, Incorporated. 121.John Milton, Martin Dzelzainis. (1991). Milton Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in theHistory of Political Thought). Cambridge University Press. 145.Blackwell Publishing. (2003). History and Theory Studies in the Philosophy of History.http//www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0018-2656.(September 6, 2006).Blackwell Publishing. (2006). History On-Line.http//www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0018-2656.(September 6, 2006).

The Power of Persuasion Essay Example for Free

The Power of Persuasion EssayI. If you would persuade, you essentialiness appeal to interest rather than intellect. These are wise words spoken by Benjamin Franklin, whom we completely know for his roles in Ameri fire History as a writer, scientist and politician. II. In this quote, Benjamin Franklin speaks of how to persuade. But wherefore would it be important to know how to persuade? III. I always have to ask my child to tack up his toys after he d atomic number 53 playing with them and my husband to take out the trash. Of course, they never penury to do it so I must persuade them into doing so. At many point in life, we every(prenominal) have to persuade someone into doing something. IV. Tonight, I will tell you about the how almighty persuasion is, techniques for persuasion, how to not be persuaded.BodyI. One could say that to the highest degree of the things that batch do, they do them on their own broad will. Up to certain point this is true many individuals a ct and do things based upon their takes and wants, others need to be persuaded, or if you will, motivated into doing something.a.Persuasion is a skill that most moving in people such as, marketers, salespeople and advertisers must have or acquire in order to succeed in todays business world. b.For example, a company like launches a new line of hair care products that promise to do wonders for your hair, but you have been using a type of shampoo and conditioner for as long as you can remember, because it works for your hair. c. You have developed brand loyalty for these products and probably you wouldnt think of changing to a new line of products. d. But this companys campaign and offers of unornamented samples for you to try are so alluring that you decide to try and after trying you decide to switch. e.You have not only been persuaded to transplant products, but your perception of the products you employ for years has overly changed.(Transition This case illustrates one of th e six basic tendencies of kind-hearted behavior that Robert B. Cialdini mentions In his article The Science of Persuasion, published in the Scientific America judicial decision magazine in 2001.)II. The following tendencies play an important role in the decision making branch of an individual and lead to the use of persuasion techniques based on each of them area.Reciprocation one could also refer to this as quid pro quo or this for that. Most individuals agree to do or digest to a number of things if they see a profit or a benefit from it in most cases, in other cases they might do it just for goodwill.Technique Free samples at food stores, free at home inspections from exterminators, free workout sessions with gym membership. Customers are exposed to the product or wait on and also indebted.b.Consistency state-supported commitments, even seemingly minor ones, direct future actions. Technique Restaurants ask customers who force reservations to call and cancel if they have a change of plans. This simple request asks the customers to make water a public commitment.c.Social validation society has also an impact on an individuals actions and decisions, because actions and tendencies that have a lordly impact in society are most likely to be replicated. Technique A breed raiser shows home owners a list of the neighbors that contributed to the building of a new library the longer the list, the greater the effect.d.Liking people prefer to say yes to those they like Whether a product, an individual or an organization, individuals tend to act and make decisions upon what they like. Technique Companies that offer at home parties like Tupperware, Mary Kay and Pampered Chef are a success because people buy from a familiar person a liked friend rather than an unknow salesperson.e.Authority we usually want the opinions of true authorities. Their insights help us choose quickly and well. One could say that this tendency goes go along to hand with social validati on and recognition. The opinions of those who have dedicated years to study and explore a specialised filed often influence an individuals decision. Technique Phrases like Four out of five doctors propose Dentists favorite toothpaste attempt to harness the power of authority.f.Scarcity a great deal of evidence shows that items and opportunities become more than desirable to us as they become unavailable Technique Often in store one sees limited time and limited supplies offers but in most of these occasions, this is nothing more than a selling strategy.(Transition These tendencies and techniques can persuade individual into doing or acquiring a number of things.)II. Unfortunately, there are some people who use unethical persuasion techniques. Some of these area. The by all means necessary approach to obtain the results they want they usually violate businesses ethic codes. b.An example of these are the well cognize pyramid scheme, vapor advertising (advertising of a product th at does not exist) and scams, all of these are based upon making individuals buy or commit to do things they wouldnt normally buy or do. c.Another well known form of persuasion is peer pressure. d.It is possible that at some point in ones life, one has done something due to peer pressure. e.This is commonly seen among high school and college students where one of the needs of the students is to be liked and socially recognized on campus. f.It can also be seen within organization among employees. g.A damp amount of peer pressure can be beneficiary for an individual when it motivates the individuals to act toward becoming a better student, employee, or just a better person in general. h.Peer pressure can be dangerous when the only goal is to be socially accepted in this case most individuals would do whatever it takes to be accepted.ConclusionPersuasion is a powerful tool that can be used to motivate individuals to do good things for society and for themselves, but it can also be use d to do harm. Based on the tendencies upon which people act and make decisions, it is up to the individual to determine when and how they allow themselves to be persuaded, because as strong and powerful as persuasion can be, there is also another powerful tool that individuals tend to lean on when they have to make a decision and that is intuition.

Miss.Independent Essay Example for Free

Miss.Independent EssayAbstract We survey the phenomenon of the suppuration of ? rms force on literature from stintings, management, and sociology. We begin with a review of a posteriori stylised facts before discussing theoretical contributions. trustworthy issue is characterized by a predominant stochastic element, making it di? cult to predict. Indeed, previous experimental look into into the de bourninants of ? rm step-up has had a limited success. We in addition prise that theoretical propositions concerning the reaping of ? rms be often amiss. We think that progress in this area requires solid empirical work, perhaps making use of novel statistical techniques. JEL codes L25, L11 Key actors line Firm Growth, sizing dispersal, Growth Rates Distribution, Gibrats Law, scheme of the Firm, Diversi? cation, Stages of Growth models. ? I thank Giulio Bottazzi, Giovanni Dosi, Ha? da El-Younsi, Jacques Mairesse, Bernard Paulr? , Rekha Rao, e Angelo Secchi and Ulrich Witt for helpful comments. Nevertheless, I am solely responsible for any errors or awe that whitethorn remain. This variant May 2007 Corresponding Author Alex Coad, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Evolutionary Economics Group, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Ger some. retrieve +49 3641 686822. Fax +49 3641 686868.E-mail emailprotelectroconvulsive therapyed mpg. de 1 0703 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Empirical cause on ? rm change by reversalth 2. 1 surface of it and gain gaits statistical diffusions . . . . 2. 1. 1 Size scatterings . . . . . . . . . . 2. 1. 2 Growth reckons scatterings . . . . . 2. 2 Gibrats Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2. 1 Gibrats model . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2. 2 Firm surface and average developing . . . 2. 2. 3 Firm size and egression consecrate difference 2. 2. 4 Autocorrelation of ontogenesis rates . . 2. 3 Other determinants of ? rm dissolvent . . . . 2. 3. 1 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3. 2 design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3.3 Financial performance . . . . . . . 2. 3. 4 Relative productivity . . . . . . . . 2. 3. 5 Other ? rm-speci? c factors . . . . . 2. 3. 6 Industry-speci? c factors . . . . . . 2. 3. 7 Macroeconomic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 4 5 9 9 11 14 15 18 18 19 23 25 26 28 29 3 Theoretical contributions 3. 1 Neoclassical buildations issue towards an optimal size .. . . 3. 2 Penroses Theory of the Growth of the Firm . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 3 Marris and managerialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 4 Evolutionary Economics and the principle of reaping of the ? tter 3. 5 world ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 31 32 34 35 38 . . . . . . . 39 39 40 43 44 45 46 49 5 Growth of nonaged and double ? rms 5. 1 Di? erences in increment patterns for small and immense ? rms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 2 Modelling the stages of harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 51 53 6 Conclusion 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Growth strategies 4. 1 Attitudes to ontogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1. 1 The desirability of emersion . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1. 2 Is developing intentional or does it just happen ? 4. 2 Growth strategies replication or diversi? cation . . . 4. 2. 1 Growth by replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 2. 2 Growth by diversi? cation . . . . . . . . .. . . 4. 3 Internal enhanceth vs growth by acquisition . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0703 1 Introduction The aim of this survey is to turn in an everyw presentview of enquiry into the growth of ? rms, while also highlighting areas in need of save research.It is a multidisciplinary survey, drawing on contributions made in economics, management and also sociology. There are many di? erent measures of ? rm size, some of the more(prenominal) ordinary indicators being employment, total gross revenue, value-added, total assets, or total pro? ts and some of the less conventional ones such(prenominal) as acres of land or head of cattle (Weiss, 1998). In this survey we consider growth in terms of a range of indicators, although we devote little attention to the growth of pro? ts (this last mentioned being more of a ? nancial than an economic variable). There are also di? erent ways of measuring growth rates.Some authors (such as Delmar et al. , 2003) make the distinction amid relative growth (i. e. the growth rate in percentage terms) and positive growth (usually measured in the absolute increase in bods of employees). In this vein, we stub mention the Birch index which is a weighted average of both relative and absolute growth rates (this latter being caren into account to emphasize that large ? rms, due to their large size, excite the potential to create many jobs). This survey focuses on relative growth rates only. Furthermore, in our discussion of the processes of expansion we emphasize positive growth and not so such(prenominal) negative growth.1 In true Simonian style,2 we begin with some empirical insights in Section 2, considering ? rst the distributions of size and growth rates, and pathetic on to look fo r determinants of growth rates. We then(prenominal) present some theories of ? rm growth and evaluate their performance in explaining the stylised facts that emerge from empirical work (Section 3). In Section 4 we consider the demand and tally sides of growth by discussing the attitudes of ? rms towards growth opportunities as wholesome as investigating the processes by which ? rms actually grow (growth by more of the same, growth by diversi? cation, growth by acquisition).In Section 5 we examine the di? erences between the growth of small and large ? rms in greater depth. We also review the stages of growth models. Section 6 concludes. 2 Empirical evidence on ? rm growth To begin with, we hold in a non-parametric look at the distributions of ? rm size and growth rates, before moving on to results from go onions that investigate the determinants of growth rates. 1 2 For an introduction to organizational adjust, see Whetten (1987). See in particular Simon (1968). 3 0703 2. 1 S ize and growth rates distributions A suitable starting point for studies into industrial social structure and dynamics is the ?rm size distribution.In fact, it was by contemplating the empirical size distribution that Robert Gibrat (1931) proposed the well-known Law of Proportionate E? ect (also known as Gibrats police). We also discuss the results of research into the growth rates distribution. The rule that ? rm growth rates are approximately exponentially distributed was discovered only recently, but o? ers odd insights into the growth patterns of ? rms. 2. 1. 1 Size distributions The observation that the ? rm-size distribution is positively reorient proved to be a useful point of entry for research into the structure of industries.(See estimates 1 and 2 for some eccentrics of aggregate ? rm size distributions. ) Robert Gibrat (1931) considered the size of French ? rms in terms of employees and concluded that the lognormal distribution was a valid heuristic. stag and Prais (1956) presented shape up evidence on the size distribution, using data on quoted UK ? rms, and also concluded in spare of a lognormal model. The lognormal distribution, however, brush off be viewed as just one of several candidate skew distributions. Although Simon and Bonini (1958) well-kept that the lognormal generally ?ts preferably well (1958 p611), they preferred to consider the lognormal distribution as a special suit of clothes in the wider family of Yule distributions. The advantage of the Yule family of distributions was that the phenomenon of arrival of tender ? rms could be incorporated into the model. Steindl (1965) applied Austrian data to his analysis of the ? rm size distribution, and preferred the Pareto distribution to the lognormal on account of its superior performance in describing the upper shack of the distribution. Similarly, Ijiri and Simon (1964, 1971, 1974) apply the Pareto distribution to analyse the size distribution oflarge US ? rms.E? orts hav e been made to divert between the various candidate skew distributions. One problem with the Pareto distribution is that the empirical tightness has many more middlesized ? rms and few very large ? rms than would be theoretically predicted (Vining, 1976). Other research on the lognormal distribution has shown that the upper tail of the empirical size distribution of ? rms is too thin relative to the lognormal (Stanley et al. , 1995). Quandt (1966) compares the performance of the lognormal and trio versions of the Pareto distribution, using data disaggregated according to perseverance.He reports the superiority of the lognormal over the three sheaths of Pareto distribution, although each of the distributions produces a best-? t for at least one sample. Furthermore, it may be that some industries (e. g. the footwear industry) are not ? tted well by any distribution. More generally, Quandts results on disaggregated data lead us to suspect that the regu4 0703 larities of the ? rm-s ize distribution observed at the aggregate level do not hold with sectoral disaggregation. Silberman (1967) also ? nds signi? bank departures from lognormality in his analysis of 90 four-digit SIC sectors.It has been suggested that, while the ? rm size distribution has a smooth regular variant at the aggregate level, this may merely be due to a statistical aggregation e? ect kind of than a phenomenon bearing any deeper economic meaning (Dosi et al, 1995 Dosi, 2007). Empirical results lend nutriment to these conjectures by showing that the regular unimodal ? rm size distributions observed at the aggregate level can be decomposed into much messier distributions at the industry level, some of which are visibly multimodal (Bottazzi and Secchi, 2003 Bottazzi et al. , 2005).For example, Bottazzi and Secchi (2005) present evidence of signi? cant bimodality in the ? rm size distribution of the worldwide pharmaceutical industry, and relate this to a cleavage between the industry leaders and fringe competitors. Other work on the ? rm-size distribution has focused on the evolution of the decide of the distribution over fourth dimension. It would appear that the initial size distribution for new ? rms is particularly counterbalance-skewed, although the log-size distribution tends to bring to pass more symmetric as time goes by. This is consistent with observations that small young ? rms grow faster than their large counterparts.As a result, it has been suggested that the log-normal can be seen as a kind of limit distribution to which a inclined cohort of ? rms will eventually converge. Lotti and Santarelli (2001) present support for this hypothesis by tracking cohorts of new ? rms in several sectors of Italian manufacturing. Cabral and Mata (2003) ? nd similar results in their analysis of cohorts of new Portuguese ? rms.However, Cabral and Mata hear their results by referring to ? nancial constraints that restrict the scale of operations for new ? rms, but bec ome less binding over time, thus allowing these small ?rms to grow relatively rapidly and reach their preferred size. They also argue that extract does not have a strong e? ect on the evolution of market structure.Although the skewed nature of the ? rm size distribution is a robust ? nding, there may be some different(a) features of this distribution that are speci? c to countries. Table 1, taken from Bartelsman et al. (2005), highlights some di? erences in the structure of industries across countries. Among other things, one observes that large ? rms account for a considerable share of French industry, whereas in Italy ? rms tend to be much smaller on average.(These international di? erences cannot simply be attributed to di? erences in sectoral specialization across countries. ) 2. 1. 2 Growth rates distributions It has long been known that the distribution of ? rm growth rates is fat-tailed. In an azoic contribution, Ashton (1926) considers the growth patterns of British text ile ? rms and observes 5 US 86. 7 69. 9 87. 9 16. 6 5. 8 westbound Germany 87. 9 77. 9 90. 2 23. 6 11. 3 78. 6 73. 6 78. 8 13. 9 17. 0 France Italy 93. 1 87. 5 96. 5 34. 4 30. 3 74. 9 8. 3 UK Canada Denmark 90. 0 74. 0 90. 8 30. 2 16. 1 92. 6 84. 8 94. 5 25. 8 13. 0 Finland Netherlands 95. 8 86.7 96. 8 31. 2 16. 9 86. 3 70. 5 92. 8 27. 7 15. 7 Portugal Source Bartelsman et al. (2005 Tables 2 and 3). Notes the columns tagged share of employment refer to the employment share 6 26. 4 17. 0 33. 5 10. 5 12. 7 13. 3 13. 0 6. 5 16. 8 Total economy 80. 3 39. 1 32. 1 15. 3 40. 7 40. 5 30. 4 27. 8 18. 3 31. 0 Manufacturing 21. 4 11. 5 35. 7 6. 8 12. 0 12. 7 9. 9 5. 3 11. 4 transaction services Ave. No. Employees per ? rm of ? rms with fewer than 20 employees. 20. 6 33. 8 12. 1 46. 3 33. 4 33. 0 41. 9 39. 8 Business services Total economy Manufacturing Share of employment (%) Business services Total economy.Manufacturing Absolute number (%) Table 1 The importance of small ? rms (i. e. ?rms with fewer than 20 employees) across extensive sectors and countries, 1989-94 0703 0703 1 Pr 1998 2000 2002 0. 1 0. 01 0. 001 1e-04 -4 -2 0 s 2 4 6 Figure 1 Kernel estimates of the assiduousness of ?rm size (total sales) in 1998, 2000 and 2002, for French manufacturing ? rms with more than 20 employees. Source Bottazzi et al. , 2005. Figure 2 Probability density function of the sizes of US manufacturing ? rms in 1997. Source Axtell, 2001. that In their growth they obey no one fair play. A few apparently undergo a steady expansion.. .With others, increase in size takes place by a sudden leap (Ashton 1926 572-573). Little (1962) investigates the distribution of growth rates, and also ? nds that the distribution is fat-tailed. Similarly, Geroski and Gugler (2004) compare the distribution of growth rates to the normal case and comment on the fat-tailed nature of the empirical density. Recent empirical research, from an econophysics background, has discovered that the distribution of ? rm growth rates closely follows the parametric form of the Laplace density. Using the Compustat database of US manufacturing ? rms, Stanley et al.(1996) observe a tent- spurtd distribution on log-log plots that corresponds to the symmetric exponential, or Laplace distribution (see also Amaral et al. (1997) and Lee et al. (1998)). The quality of the ? t of the empirical distribution to the Laplace density is quite remarkable. The Laplace distribution is also found to be a rather useful representation when considering growth rates of ? rms in the worldwide pharmaceutical industry (Bottazzi et al. , 2001). Giulio Bottazzi and coauthors extend these ? ndings by considering the Laplace density in the wider context of the family of Subbotin distributions (beginning with Bottazzi et al., 2002).They ? nd that, for the Compustat database, the Laplace is indeed a suitable distribution for modelling ? rm growth rates, at both aggregate and disaggregated levels of analysis (Bottazzi and Secch i 2003a). The exponential nature of the distribution of growth rates also holds for other databases, such as Italian manufacturing (Bottazzi et al. (2007)). In addition, the exponential distribution appears to hold across a variety of ? rm growth indicators, such as Sales growth, employment growth or Value Added growth (Bottazzi et al. , 2007). The growth rates of French manufacturing ?rms have also been studied, and roughly speaking a similar shape was observed, although it must be said that the empirical density was noticeably fatter-tailed than the Laplace (see Bottazzi et al. , 2005). 3 3 The observed subbotin b tilt (the shape parameter) is signi? cantly lower than the Laplace value of 1. This highlights the importance of following Bottazzi et al. (2002) and considering the Laplace as a special 7 0703 1998 2000 2002 1998 2000 2002 1 prob. prob. 1 0. 1 0. 01 0. 1 0. 01 0. 001 0. 001 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1. 5 -1 conditional growth rate -0. 5 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 conditional growth rate .Figure 3 Distribution of sales growth rates of French manufacturing ? rms. Source Bottazzi et al. , 2005. Figure 4 Distribution of employment growth rates of French manufacturing ? rms. Source Coad, 2006b. Research into Danish manufacturing ? rms presents further evidence that the growth rate distribution is heavy-tailed, although it is suggested that the distribution for individual sectors may not be symmetric but right-skewed (Reichstein and Jensen (2005)). principally speaking, however, it would appear that the shape of the growth rate distribution is more robust to disaggregation than the shape of the ?rm size distribution. In other words, whilst the smooth shape of the aggregate ? rm size distribution may be little more than a statistical aggregation e? ect, the tent-shapes observed for the aggregate growth rate distribution are usually still visible even at disaggregated levels (Bottazzi and Secchi, 2003a Bottazzi et al. , 2005). This means that extreme growth events can be pass judgment to occur relatively frequently, and make a disproportionately large contribution to the evolution of industries.Figures 3 and 4 show plots of the distribution of sales and employment growth rates for French manufacturing ?rms with over 20 employees. Although research suggests that both the size distribution and the growth rate distribution are relatively fixed over time, it should be noted that there is great persistence in ? rm size but much less persistence in growth rates on average (more on growth rate persistence is presented in Section 2. 2. 4). As a result, it is of interest to investigate how the moments of the growth rates distribution change over the business cycle. Indeed, several studies have focused on these issues and some preliminary results can be mentioned here.It has been suggested that the variance of growth rates changes over time for the employment growth of large US ? rms (Hall, 1987) and that this variance is procyclical in the case of growth of assets (Geroski et al. , 2003). This is consistent with the hypothesis that ? rms have a lot of courtesy in their growth rates of assets during booms but face stricter discipline during recessions. Higson et al. (2002, 2004) consider the evolution of the ? rst four moments of distributions of the growth of sales, for large US and UK ?rms over periods of 30 days or more.They observe that high moments of the distribution of sales growth rates have signi? cant cyclical patterns. In case in the Subbotin family of distributions. 8 0703 particular, evidence from both US and UK ? rms suggests that the variance and skewness are countercyclical, whereas the kurtosis is pro-cyclical. Higson et al. (2002 1551) explain the counter-cyclical movements in skewness in these words The central mass of the growth rate distribution responds more strongly to the aggregate shock than the tails.So a negative shock moves the central mass closer to the left of the distribution leaving the right tail s ubstructure and generates positive skewness. A positive shock shifts the central mass to the right, closer to the congregation of rapidly growing ? rms and away from the group of declining ? rms. So negative skewness results. The procyclical nature of kurtosis (despite their puzzling ? nding of countercyclical variance) emphasizes that economic downturns change the shape of the growth rate distribution by reducing a key parameter of the spread or variation between ? rms. 2. 2 Gibrats Law.Gibrats law continues to receive a huge amount of attention in the empirical industrial organization literature, more than 75 years after Gibrats (1931) seminal publication. We begin by presenting the Law, and then review some of the related to empirical literature. We do not attempt to provide an exhaustive survey of the literature on Gibrats law, because the number of relevant studies is indeed very large. (For other reviews of empirical tests of Gibrats Law, the reader is referred to the surv ey by Lotti et al (2003) for a survey of how Gibrats law holds for the services sector see Audretsch et al.(2004). ) Instead, we try to provide an overview of the essential results. We investigate how expected growth rates and growth rate variance are in? uenced by ? rm size, and also investigate the possible existence of patterns of serial correlation in ? rm growth. 2. 2. 1 Gibrats model Robert Gibrats (1931) theory of a law of proportionate e? ect was hatched when he observed that the distribution of French manufacturing establishments followed a skew distribution that resembled the lognormal.Gibrat considered the emergence of the ?rm-size distribution as an moment or explanandum and wanted to see which underlying growth process could be responsible for generating it. In its simplest form, Gibrats law maintains that the expected growth rate of a given ? rm is independent of its size at the beginning of the period examined. Alternatively, as Mans? eld (1962 1030) puts it, the pro bability of a given proportionate change in size during a speci? ed 9 0703 period is the same for all ? rms in a given industry regardless of their size at the beginning of the period. More formally, we can explain the growth of ? rms in the following framework. Let xt be the size of a ? rm at time t, and let ? t be random variable representing an idiosyncratic, multiplicative growth shock over the period t ? 1 to t. We have xt ? xt? 1 = ? t xt? 1 (1) xt = (1 + ? t )xt? 1 = x0 (1 + ? 1 )(1 + ? 2 ) . . . (1 + ? t ) (2) which can be developed to make It is then possible to take logarithms in order to approximate log(1 + ? t ) by ? t to obtain4 t log(xt ) ? log(x0 ) + ? 1 + ? 2 + . . . + ? t = log(x0 ) + ?s (3) s=1In the limit, as t becomes large, the log(x0 ) term will become insigni? cant, and we obtain t log(xt ) ? ?s (4) s=1 In this way, a ? rms size at time t can be explained purely in terms of its idiosyncratic history of multiplicative shocks. If we further assume that all ? r ms in an industry are independent realizations of i. i. d. normally distributed growth shocks, then this stochastic process leads to the emergence of a lognormal ? rm size distribution. There are of course several serious limitations to such a simple vision of industrial dynamics.We have already seen that the distribution of growth rates is not normally distributed, but instead resembles the Laplace or symmetric exponential. Furthermore, contrary to results implied by Gibrats model, it is not reasonable to suppose that the variance of ? rm size tends to in? nity (Kalecki, 1945). In addition, we do not observe the lay and unlimited increase in industrial concentration that would be predicted by Gibrats law (Caves, 1998).Whilst a weak version of Gibrats law merely supposes that expected growth rate is independent of ?rm size, stronger versions of Gibrats law imply a range of other issues.For example, Chesher (1979) rejects Gibrats law due to the existence of an autocorrelation struct ure in the growth shocks. Bottazzi and Secchi (2006a) reject Gibrats law on the basis of a negative affinity between growth rate variance and ? rm size. Reichstein and Jensen (2005) reject Gibrats law 4 This logarithmic approximation is only justi? ed if ? t is small enough (i. e. close to zero), which can be reasonably fictive by taking a short time period (Sutton, 1997). 10 0703after observing that the annual growth rate distribution is not normally distributed. 2.2. 2 Firm size and average growth Although Gibrats (1931) seminal book did not provoke much of an immediate reaction, in recent decades it has spawned a ? ood of empirical work. Nowadays, Gibrats Law of Proportionate E? ect constitutes a benchmark model for a broad range of investigations into industrial dynamics. Another possible reason for the popularity of research into Gibrats law, one could suggest quite cynically, is that it is a relatively easy paper to write.First of all, it has been argued that there is a min imalistic theoretical background behind the process (because growth is assumed to be purely random). Then, all that needs to be done is to take the IO economists favourite variable (i. e. ?rm size, a variable which is easily observable and readily available) and regress the di? erence on the lagged level. In addition, few control variables are required beyond industry dummies and year dummies, because growth rates are characteristically random.Empirical investigations of Gibrats law rely on estimation of equations of the type log(xt ) = ?+ ? log(xt? 1 ) + (5) where a ? rms size is represented by xt , ? is a constant term (industry-wide growth trend) and is a residual error. Research into Gibrats law focuses on the coe? cient ?. If ? rm growth is independent of size, then ? takes the value of unity. If ? is smaller than one, then smaller ? rms grow faster than their larger counterparts, and we can speak of atavism to the mean. Conversely, if ? is larger than one, then larger ? rms g row relatively rapidly and there is a intent to concentration and monopoly.A signi?cant early contribution was made by Edwin Mans? elds (1962) film of the US steel, petroleum, and rubber tire industries. In particular interest here is what Mans? eld identi? ed as three di? erent renditions of Gibrats law. According to the ? rst, Gibrat-type regressions consist of both surviving and exiting ? rms and attribute a growth rate of -100% to exiting ? rms. However, one caveat of this approach is that smaller ? rms have a higher exit hazard which may obfuscate the kinship between size and growth.The second version, on the other hand, considers only those ?rms that survive. Research along these lines has typically shown that smaller ? rms have higher expected growth rates than larger ? rms. The third version considers only those large surviving ? rms that are already larger than the industry Minimum E? cient outgo of production (with exiting ? rms often being excluded from the analysis). Generally speaking, empirical analysis corresponding to this third approach suggests that growth rates are more or less independent from ? rm size, which lends support to Gibrats law. 11 0703 The early studies focused on large ?rms only, presumably partly due to reasons of data availability. A series of text file analyzing UK manufacturing ? rms found a value of ? greater than unity, which would indicate a tendency for larger ? rms to have higher percentage growth rates (Hart (1962), Samuels (1965), Prais (1974), Singh and Whittington (1975)). However, the majority of subsequent studies using more recent datasets have found values of ? slightly lower than unity, which implies that, on average, small ? rms seem to grow faster than larger ? rms. This result is frequently labelled reversion to the mean size or mean-reversion.5 Among a large and growing body of research that reports a negative relationship between size and growth, we can mention here the work by Kumar (1985) and Dunne and Hughes (1994) for quoted UK manufacturing ? rms, Hall (1987), Amirkhalkhali and Mukhopadhyay (1993) and Bottazzi and Secchi (2003) for quoted US manufacturing ? rms (see also Evans (1987a, 1987b) for US manufacturing ? rms of a somewhat smaller size), Gabe and Kraybill (2002) for establishments in Ohio, and Goddard et al. (2002) for quoted Japanese manufacturing ? rms. Studies focusing on small businesses have also found a negative relationship between ?rm size and expected growth see for example Yasuda (2005) for Japanese manufacturing ? rms, Calvo (2006) for Spanish manufacturing, McPherson (1996) for Southern African micro businesses, and Wagner (1992) and Almus and Nerlinger (2000) for German manufacturing. Dunne et al. (1989) analyse plant-level data (as opposed to ? rm-level data) and also observe that growth rates decline along size classes. Research into Gibrats law using data for speci? c sectors also ? nds that small ? rms grow relatively faster (see e. g. Barron et al. (1994) for New York credit unions, Weiss (1998) for Austrian farms, Liu et al.(1999) for Taiwanese electronics plants, and Bottazzi and Secchi (2005) for an analysis of the worldwide pharmaceutical sector). Indeed, there is a lot of evidence that a slight negative dependence of growth rate on size is present at various levels of industrial aggregation. Although most empirical investigations into Gibrats law consider only the manufacturing sector, some have focused on the services sector. The results, however, are often qualitatively similar there appears to be a negative relationship between size and expected growth rate for services too (see Variyam and Kraybill (1992), Johnson et al.(1999)) Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that in some cases a weak version of Gibrats law cannot be convincingly rejected, since there appears to be no signi? cant relationship between expected growth rate and size (see the analyses provided by Bottazzi et al. (2005) for French manufacturing ? rms, Droucopoulos (1983) for the worlds largest ? rms, Hardwick and Adams (2002) for UK Life Insurance companies, and Audretsch et al. (2004) for small-scale Dutch services). Notwithstanding these latter studies, however, we acknowledge that in most cases a negative relationship between ?rm size and growth is observed. Indeed, 5 We should be aware, however, that mean-reversion does not imply that ? rms are converging to anything resembling a prevalent steady-state size, even within narrowly-de? ned industries (see in particular the empirical work by Geroski et al. (2003) and Ce? s et al. (2006)). 12 0703 it is quite common for theoretically-minded authors to consider this to be a stylised fact for the purposes of constructing and validating economic models (see for example Cooley and Quadrini (2001), Gomes (2001) and Clementi and Hopenhayn (2006)).Furthermore, John Sutton refers to this negative dependence of growth on size as a statistical regularity in his revered survey of Gib rats law (Sutton, 1997 46). A number of researchers maintain that Gibrats law does hold for ? rms supra a certain size threshold. This corresponds to acceptance of Gibrats law according to Mans? elds third rendition, although mean reversion leads us to reject Gibrats Law as set forth in Mans? elds second rendition. Mowery (1983), for example, analyzes two samples of ? rms, one of which contains small ? rms while the other contains large ?rms. Gibrats law is seen to hold in the latter sample, whereas mean reversion is observed in the former. Hart and Oulton (1996) consider a large sample of UK ? rms and ? nd that, whilst mean reversion is observed in the pooled data, a decomposition of the sample according to size classes reveals essentially no relation between size and growth for the larger ? rms. Lotti et al. (2003) follow a cohort of new Italian startups and ? nd that, although smaller ? rms initially grow faster, it becomes more di? cult to reject the independence of size and gr owth as time passes.Similarly, results reported by Becchetti and Trovato (2002) for Italian manufacturing ? rms, Geroski and Gugler (2004) for large European ? rms and Ce? s et al. (2006) for the worldwide pharmaceutical industry also ? nd that the growth of large ? rms is independent of their size, although including smaller ? rms in the analysis introduces a dependence of growth on size. It is of interest to remark that Caves (1998) concludes his survey of industrial dynamics with the substantive conclusion that Gibrats law holds for ? rms above a certain size threshold, whilst for smaller ? rms growth rates decrease with size.Concern about econometric issues has often been raised. Sample selection bias, or sample attrition, is one of the main problems, because smaller ? rms have a higher probability of exit. Failure to account for the fact that exit hazards decrease with size may lead to underestimation of the regression coe? cient (i. e. ?). Hall (1987) was among the ? rst to ta ckle the problem of sample selection, using a Tobit model.

Managing Paediatric Illness and Injury Essay Example for Free

Managing Paediatric Illness and Injury test1. get word the common types of fractures and how to love them. Broken bone.Based on the location and severity of the fracture, a conf personad bone usually must be set into position and supported until it is strong enough to devote weight. Your physician will recommend the most proven treatment approach, usually casting or operating theatre2. Describe how to manage a dislocationRelieve pain around the dislocation by applying a cold pack to the area this will also blushing(a)uce blow that spate add to annoying injury. Keep joint immobile and do not try to push the bone back in place. Offer ibuprofens if in gruelling pain, monitor the patient until the professionals arrive.3. Describe how to recognise and manage the following passing play injuries A concussion you convey dizziness, nausea, loss of memory, mild channeliseache, seeing stars, double vision, numbness and lack of hand- nerve coordination. B skull fracture you wi ll probably see an external wound or bruise on the head and at that place may be a depression visible on the scalp. Check behind the ears for swelling or bruising. there may be loss of clear fluid or watery fund through an eye or nostril, blood in the white of the eye, a black-eye, and the symmetry of the head or face may be disrupted. The responsiveness of the victim may deteriorate C cerebral densification levels of response deteriorate headaches tend to be intense noisy, slowed, or irregular breathing pupil sizes nonequivalent paralysis or weakness on one side of the frame or face somnolence temperature spike, fever, or flushed face personality changes4. Describe how to manage an infant and a chela with overseas bodies in their look, ears and nose. If a tiddler gets sand, dust, or paint in their eyes, then we can try removing it ourselves, for the jump time wear clean pair of disposable gloves, and gently pull the bottom eye lid downcast, and with a clean unfaltering tissue try to clean the eye, and if that dont work, then try to clean the eye out with water, position the childs head over the sink or bowling ball with eye open and wash the eye out using plastic cup, try to pour the water for the side of the eye, if this still dont work then go to the nearest walking centre. There are several things that can get stuck inears and nose, common ones like batteries, beads, nuts. If a child does get anything small stuck in their nose or ear, unless it can easily be pulled out with a profligate grip then go for it, if not dont try because you may end up pushing it further back and making it difficult, in these kind of situations you need to call a first aider, or take the child to the nearest walking centre to get it re choked.5. Describe how to recognise and manage common eye injuriesEye injuries can range from relatively trivial, such as irritating the eye with shampoo, to ingrainedly serious, resulting in permanent loss of vision. Common causes of eye injuries include, something like a small subdivision of grit or a twig damages the transparent front part of the eye cognise as the cornea this type of injury is known as a corneal abrasion. A foreign body such as a small piece of wood or metal gets stuck in the eye. A sudden blow to the eye, from a fist or a cricket ball for example, causes the middle sectionalization of the eye (the uvea) to be postdate swollen this type of injury is known as traumatic uveitis. Wash your eyes out for 20 minutes if you think they have been exposed to a chemical. Ideally, you should wash the eye with salty solution, but tap water will be fine if saline is unavailable. Use plenty of water. wet from a garden hose or water fountain is okay if youre outside. Then go right away to your nearest AE department. Its also important to go to AE if you cut your eye and it starts bleeding or if you have something stuck in your eye. Never try to remove anything from your eye as you could damage it .6. Describe how to recognise and manage inveterate medical conditions includinga. Sickle cell anaemia.Sickle cell illness is an inherited disorder in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. This abnormality can result in painful episodes, serious infections, degenerative anaemia, and damage to body organs. These complications can, however, vary from person to person depending on the type of sickle cell disease each has. Some people are relatively anicteric and others are hospitalized frequently. But thanks to advancements in early diagnosis and treatment, most kids born with this disorder grow up to live relatively healthy and productive lives.b. DiabetesThe main symptoms of diabetes are opinion very thirstyurinating frequently, particularly at nightfeeling very tiredweight loss and loss of muscle bulkType 1 diabetes can develop quickly, over weeks or even days. Many people have type 2 diabetes for days without realising because early symptoms tend to be general. The amoun t of sugar in the blood is usually swayled by a hormone called insulin, which is bugger offd by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach). When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is broken down to produce energy. However, if you have diabetes, your body is unable to break down glucose into energy. This is because there is either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or the insulin produced does not work properly.c. asthmaAsthma is caused by inflammation of the air passages. These are the small tubes, called bronchi, which apply air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi will be inflamed and more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus. This leads to symptoms including Difficulty breathingWheezing a nd coughingA tight chest.While there is no cure for asthma, there are a number of treatments that can help effectively control the condition. Treatment is based on two important goals Relieving symptomsPreventing future symptoms and attacks from developingTreatment and prevention involves a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice, and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers. Read more about living with asthma.7. Describe how to recognise and manage serious sudden illnesses including a. MeningitisViral meningitis usually gets better within a gibe of weeks, with plenty of rest and painkillers for the headache. Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics (medication that treats infections caused by bacteria). Treatment will require admission to hospital, with severe cases treated in an intensive care unit so the bodys vital functions can be supported. The go around way to prevent meningitis is by ensuring vaccinations are up-to-date. Children in the UK should receive the available vaccines as part of the puerility vaccination programme. b. Febrile convulsionsFebrile seizures are also sometimes called febrile convulsions. During most seizures the childs body becomes stiff, they drop off consciousness and their arms and legs twitch. Some children may wet themselves. This is whats known as a tonic colonic seizure. If your child is having a febrile seizure, place them in the recovery position. Lay them on their side, on a soft surface, with their face turned to one side. This will stop them swallowing any vomit. It will keep their airway open and help to prevent injury. Stay with your child and try to make a note of how gigantic it lasts. If it is your childs first seizure, or it lasts longer than five minutes, take them to the nearest hospital as soon as possible or call 999 for an ambulance. While it is unlikely that there is anything seriously wrong, it is best to be sure. If your child has had febrile seizures before and the seizure lasts for less than five minutes. Try not to put anything, including medication, in your childs mouth during a seizure as there is a slight chance that they aptitude bite their tongue. Almost all children make a complete recovery, and there is not a one reported case of a child dying as the direct result of a febrile seizure.8. Describe how to recognise and treat the effects of extreme cold and extreme heat for an infant and a child. When a child has an extreme cold the signs and symptoms are Shivering in the early stages snappy, pale and run dry skinLow temperature 35 degrees or lessIrrational behaviour, slow shallow breathingCold to touchUnusually quiteRefuses to feedTreatment for this will be to remove and replace wet clothing, wrap in a warm blanket cover their head place in a warm room. Give them a hot drink only if they can hold the cup. If its a baby then warm them up slowly and place them in a warm room, use your body heat to warm them, and seek for medical advice. When a infant or child has an extreme heat the signs and symptoms could be Gradual onsetSweating, cold, clammy skinDizziness, confusion, headacheCramps in limbs and or tummyShallow rapid breathing, nauseaTreatment for this isReassure, remove casualty to cool placeLie down with legs raisedIf conscious encourage to sip plenty of fluidsIf recovery is rapid advise them to see the loadIf unconscious put them in recovery and call 999 for ambulance